Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Targeting Self-Regulation to Reduce Internalizing Problems in Children: The Predictive Effect of Resilience

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Adversity and Resilience Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Resilience Builder Program® (RBP) is a cognitive-behavioral based group therapy for children with psychosocial deficits. Previous studies in children with varied diagnoses (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders) have provided evidence for its effectiveness in emotion regulation, positive emotions, social skills, and resilience. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which specific therapeutic components of the RBP may reduce internalizing problems in children. The current study examined pre- to post-therapy change in self-regulation, resilience, and internalizing problems, and investigated the therapeutic pathways of the RBP for reducing children’s internalizing problems by accounting for resilience improvement. Children (N = 244) between 7 to 15 years old with diverse diagnoses and heterogeneous symptoms who completed the RBP were assessed with parent-report measures of executive functioning, emotion regulation, resilience, and internalizing problems prior to and following the RBP. Results found that improvement in self-regulation and resilience predicted significant reductions in internalizing problems in children following the RBP. In addition, the change in resilience was found to be a significant predictor of the relationship between the change in self-regulation and internalizing problems. These findings clarify the therapeutic mechanisms of RBP, and more broadly speak to the value of targeting self-regulation and resilience as a means of reducing internalizing problems in youth receiving psychotherapeutic interventions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aduen, P. A., Rich, B. A., Sanchez, L., O’Brien, K., & Alvord, M. K. (2014). Resilience builder program therapy addresses core social deficits and emotion dysregulation in youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Psychological Abnormalities, 3(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9525.1000118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvord, M., & Grados, J. J. (2005). Enhancing resilience in children: A proactive approach. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvord, M. K., Zucker, B., & Grados, J. J. (2011). Resilience builder program for children and adolescents: Enhancing social competence and self-regulation—a cognitive-behavioral approach. Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvord, M. K., Rich, B. A., & Berghorst, L. H. (2014). Developing social competence through a resilience model. In S. Prince-Embury & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations (pp. 329–351). New York: Springer.

  • Anderson, E. R., & Mayes, L. C. (2010). Race/ethnicity and internalizing disorders in youth: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 338–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson, H., Bravo, H. C., Gentleman, R., Hossjer, O., Jaffee, H., Jiang, D., … Hickey, P. (2018). matrixStats: Functions that apply to rows and columns of matrices (and to Vectors) (Version 0.54.0). Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=matrixStats. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Bone, C., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Thwaites, R., Sandford, D., Merzhvynska, M., Rubel, J., Deisenhofer, A. K., Lutz, W., & Delgadillo, J. (2021). Dynamic prediction of psychological treatment outcomes: Development and validation of a prediction model using routinely collected symptom data. The Lancet. Digital Health, 3(4), e231–e240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00018-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booster, G. D., Dupaul, G. J., Eiraldi, R., & Power, T. J. (2012). Functional impairments in children with ADHD: Unique effects of age and comorbid status. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054710383239

  • Buuren, S. van, Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K., Robitzsch, A., Vink, G., Doove, L., Jolani, S., … Gray, B. (2019). mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations (Version 3.6.0). Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mice. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Cain, M. K., Zhang, Z., & Bergeman, C. S. (2018). Time and other considerations in mediation design. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78(6), 952–972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, S. D. (2007). The emergence of self-regulation: Biological and behavioral control mechanisms supporting toddler competencies. Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations, 261–284.

  • Casey, E. C., Finsaas, M., Carlson, S. M., Zelazo, P. D., Murphy, B., Durkin, F., … Masten, A. S. (2014). Promoting resilience through executive function training for homeless and highly mobile preschoolers. In S. Prince-Embury & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations (pp. 133–158). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0542-3_7

  • Castaneda, A. E., Suvisaari, J., Marttunen, M., Perälä, J., Saarni, S. I., Aalto-Setälä, T., … Tuulio-Henriksson, A. (2008). Cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of young adults with a history of non-psychotic unipolar depressive disorders without psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 110(1–2), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.239

  • Cath, D. C., Ran, N., Smit, J. H., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Comijs, H. C. (2008). Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: A preliminary case-controlled study. Psychopathology, 41(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000111555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., Weisz, J. R., Daleiden, E. L., Schoenwald, S. K., Palinkas, L. A., Miranda, J., … Borntrager, C. F. (2013). Long-term outcomes for the Child STEPs randomized effectiveness trial: A comparison of modular and standard treatment designs with usual care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(6), 999.

  • Chorpita, B. F., Korathu-Larson, P., Knowles, L. M., & Guan, K. (2014). Emergent life events and their impact on service delivery: Should we expect the unexpected? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75(2), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00673.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1997). Conners’ parent rating scale-revised. Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers, P., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. (2019). The role of common factors in psychotherapy outcomes. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Disabato, D. (2016). The double standard against cross-sectional mediation. Squarespace. https://www.daviddisabato.com/blog/2016/5/22/the-double-standard-against-cross-sectional-mediation. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Doll, B., Spies, R. A., LeClair, C. M., Kurien, S. A., & Foley, B. P. (2010). Student perceptions of classroom learning environments: Development of the ClassMaps Survey. School Psychology Review, 39(2), 203–218.

  • Ehrenreich-May, J., Rosenfield, D., Queen, A. H., Kennedy, S. M., Remmes, C. S., & Barlow, D. H. (2017). An initial waitlist-controlled trial of the unified protocol for the treatment of emotional disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 46, 46–55.

  • Eisen, S. V., Ranganathan, G., Seal, P., & Spiro, A. (2007). Measuring clinically meaningful change following mental health treatment. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 34(3), 272–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaviţa, O. A., Joyce, M. R., & David, D. (2011). Cognitive behavioral parent programs for the treatment of child disruptive behavior. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(4), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, L. A., Mensinger, J. L., & Tenhave, T. (2009). Mediation analysis: A retrospective snapshot of practice and more recent directions. Journal of General Psychology, 136, 153–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goolsby, J., Rich, B. A., Hinnant, B., Habayeb, S., Berghorst, L., De Los Reyes, A., & Alvord, M. K. (2018). Parent–child informant discrepancy is associated with poorer treatment outcome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(4), 1228–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0946-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goolsby, J., Alvord, M. K., & Rich, B. A. (2019). Impact of child and parent motivation on social skills training outcome. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2019.1571774

  • Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (2008). Social skills improvement system rating scales manual. Pearson Assessments.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habayeb, S., Rich, B., & Alvord, M. K. (2017). Targeting heterogeneity and comorbidity in children with autism spectrum disorder through the Resilience Builder group therapy program. Child & Youth Care Forum, 46(4), 539–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9394-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hochsztein, N. G. (2014). Executive functioning and social competence as predictors of resilience in emotional functioning in youth diagnosed with epilepsy (Ph.D., Long Island University, The Brooklyn Center). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1673167054/abstract/92ADE68B40DE481EPQ/3. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379

  • Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J. H., Abikoff, H. B., … Vitiello, B. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: Comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00009

  • Jorgensen, T. D., Schoemann, A., Rosseel, Y., Miller, P., Quick, C., Garnier-Villarreal, M., … Mansolf, M. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling (Version 0.5–1). Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Kogan, M. D., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., … van Dyck, P. C. (2009). Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1395–1403. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1522

  • Lagasse, L. L., Conradt, E., Karalunas, S. L., Dansereau, L. M., Butner, J. E., Shankaran, S., … Lester, B. M. (2016). Transactional relations between caregiving stress, executive functioning, and problem behavior from early childhood to early adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 28(3), 743–756. http://dx.doi.org.proxycu.wrlc.org/10.1017/S0954579416000286. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Leadbeater, B. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Blatt, S. J., & Hertzog, C. (1999). A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 1268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H. H., & Cranford, J. A. (2008). Does resilience moderate the associations between parental problem drinking and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors? A study of Korean adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(3), 213–221. http://dx.doi.org.proxycu.wrlc.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.007. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., Chen, X., & Lewis, G. (2011). Childhood internalizing behaviour: Analysis and implications. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18(10), 884–894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lucassen, M. F. G., Stasiak, K., Crengle, S., Weisz, J. R., Frampton, C. M. A., Bearman, S. K., … Merry, S. N. (2015). Modular approach to therapy for anxiety, depression, trauma, or conduct problems in outpatient child and adolescent mental health services in New Zealand: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 16, 457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0982-9

  • McClelland, M. M., Cameron, C. E., Connor, C. M., Farris, C. L., Jewkes, A. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2007). Links between behavioral regulation and preschoolers’ literacy, vocabulary, and math skills. Developmental Psychology, 43(4), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.947

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, M. M., Ponitz, C. C., Messersmith, E. E., & Tominey, S. (2010). Self-regulation: Integration of cognition and emotion. In W. F. Overton & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), The handbook of life-span development, Vol. 1. Cognition, biology, and methods (pp. 509–553). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001015

  • Merrell, K. W., McClun, L. A., Kempf, K. K., & Lund, J. (2002). Using self-report assessment to identify children with internalizing problems: Validity of the internalizing symptoms scale for children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 20(3), 223–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miklós, M., Futó, J., Komáromy, D., & Balázs, J. (2019). Executive function and attention performance in children with ADHD: Effects of medication and comparison with typically developing children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3822.

  • Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693–2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108

  • Morgan, J. K. (2010). Emotion regulation as a determinant of children’s internalizing behaviors: Implications for emotion utilization. University of Delaware.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual Research Review: On the relations among self‐regulation, self‐control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 361–383.

  • Obradović, J. (2010). Effortful control and adaptive functioning of homeless children: Variable-focused and person-focused analyses. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 109–117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prince-Embury, M. K. (2014). Review of resilience conceptual and assessment issues. In S. Prince-Embury & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations (pp. 13–24). Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-0542-3_15. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Racine, N., McArthur, B. A., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Zhu, J., & Madigan, S. (2021). Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, M., Fesalbon. M., Mendoza, E., Alvord, M. K., & Rich, B. A. (2019). Examining the relationship between parental symptomatology and treatment outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(11), 4681–4685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04151-5

  • Reivich, K., Gillham, J. E., Chaplin, T. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2013). From helplessness to optimism: The role of resilience in treating and preventing depression in youth. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (pp. 201–214). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_12

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavior assessment system for children, second edition (BASC-2). In The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp447

  • Rich, B. A., Hensler, M. A., Rosen, H. R., Watson, C., Schmidt, J., Sanchez, L., O’Brien, K., & Alvord, M. K. (2014). Attrition from therapy effectiveness research among youth in a clinical service setting. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 41, 343–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, B. A., Shiffrin, N. D., Cummings, C. M., Zarger, M. M., Berghorst, L., & Alvord, M. K. (2019). Resilience-based intervention with underserved children: Impact on self-regulation in a randomized clinical trial in schools. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 69(1), 30–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2018.1479187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, B. A., Shiffrin, N.S., *Senior, C., *Zarger, M. A., Cummings, C. M., Collado. A., & Alvord, M. K. (2023). Improved resilience and academics following a school-based resilience intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Practice in Child & Adolescent Mental Health,8(2), 252-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2022.2025630

  • Riggs, A. A., Cusimano, A. M., & Benson, K. M. (2011). Childhood emotional abuse and attachment processes in the dyadic adjustment of dating couples. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 126–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robitzsch, A., Grund, S., & Henke, T. (2019). miceadds: Some additional multiple imputation functions, especially for “mice” (Version 3.4–17). Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=miceadds. Accessed 22 Feb 2024

  • Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1995). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and preschoolers’ social adaptation. Development and Psychopathology, 7(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, T. E., Kerns, R. D., & Turk, D. C. (1988). Chronic pain and depression: Toward a cognitive-behavioral mediation model. Pain, 35(2), 129–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018082

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senior, C., Godovich, S., Habayeb, S., Alvord, M. K., & Rich, B. A. (2020). The effects of a resilience-based group intervention for youth with ADHD. Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 6(3), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/23727810.2020.1719353

  • Smith, S. W., Daunic, A. P., Barber, B. R., Aydin, B., Van Loan, C. L., & Taylor, G. G. (2014). Preventing risk for significant behavior problems through a cognitive-behavioral intervention: Effects of the Tools for Getting Along curriculum at one-year follow-up. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(5), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0357-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.

  • Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales:(VABS). NCS Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, S., & Watson, J. (2007). Behavior assessment system for children, second edition. In K. F. Geisinger, R. A. Spies, J. F. Carlson, & B. S. Plake (Eds.), The seventeenth mental measurements yearbook, (pp. 96–102). Lincoln: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.

  • Sterba, S., Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2007a). Diagnostic specificity and nonspecificity in the dimensions of preschool psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(10), 1005–1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01770.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterba, S. K., Prinstein, M. J., & Cox, M. J. (2007b). Trajectories of internalizing problems across childhood: Heterogeneity, external validity, and gender differences. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 345–366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Testa, R. J., Michaels, M. S., Bliss, W., Rogers, M. L., Balsam, K. F., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Suicidal ideation in transgender people: Gender minority stress and interpersonal theory factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 125–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, C. C., Rich, B. A., Sanchez, L., O’Brien, K., & Alvord, M. K. (2014). Preliminary study of resilience-based group therapy for improving the functioning of anxious children. Child & Youth Care Forum, 43(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-013-9238-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by funding from the Group Foundation for Advancing Mental Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave, NE, Washington, DC, 20064, USA

    Brendan A. Rich & Zohaib Jessani

  2. Resilience Across Borders, Inc., P.O. Box 10282, Silver Spring, MD, 20914, USA

    Brendan A. Rich, Colleen M. Cummings, Nina S. Starin & Mary K. Alvord

  3. Alvord, Baker & Associates, LLC, 3200 Tower Oaks Blvd, Suite 200, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA

    Colleen M. Cummings, Nina S. Starin & Mary K. Alvord

Authors
  1. Brendan A. Rich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zohaib Jessani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Colleen M. Cummings
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nina S. Starin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mary K. Alvord
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brendan A. Rich.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interests

Dr. Alvord is co-author of the book “Resilience Builder Program for Children and Adolescents: Enhancing Social Competence and Self-Regulation” and receives royalties on its sales. The other authors report no conflicts.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rich, B.A., Jessani, Z., Cummings, C.M. et al. Targeting Self-Regulation to Reduce Internalizing Problems in Children: The Predictive Effect of Resilience. ADV RES SCI (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-024-00132-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-024-00132-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation