Abstract
Plastic contamination is a major global concern as it accumulates in the environment and breaks down into harmful microplastics. The excessive dumping of plastic, especially packaging materials, in landfills, leads to capacity shortages and long-term environmental risks. Current disposal methods, such as pyrolysis, are expensive and produce ash containing heavy metals. To mitigate these issues, recycling plastics and using recycled materials instead of extracting natural resources are recommended, although the current recycling rate is low due to high costs and limited market applications. Biodegradable plastics made from natural sources offer a potential solution, particularly for non-durable applications like packaging and agricultural films. Policy-makers must instrument operative plastic waste management systems, enforce strict guidelines, and make sure comprehensive lifecycle management of plastic products. The article also examines the business aspects of bioplastic development using analytical models like Porter’s five forces and value chain analysis. Circular economy modeling is used to evaluate economic and energy considerations, highlighting the potential benefits of anaerobic digestion for energy, fertilizer, and the economy within a circular economy framework. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response technique is proposed as a policy approach. Lastly, a comparison is made between biodegradable and non-biodegradable plastics within a closed-loop supply system, considering environmental factors.
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Abbreviations
- MT:
-
Metric tons
- SWM:
-
Solid waste management
- US:
-
United States
- PWM:
-
Plastic waste management
- PW:
-
Plastic waste
- MP:
-
Microplastic
- SUP:
-
Single use plastic
- N-BP:
-
Non-biodegradable plastic
- BP:
-
Biodegradable plastic
- Bio-PE:
-
Bio-based poly (ethylene)
- Bio-PET:
-
Bio-based poly (ethylene terephthalate)
- PLA:
-
Poly (lactic acid)
- PHAs:
-
Poly (hydroxy alkanets)
- EC:
-
European Commission
- Bio-Ps:
-
Bio-plastics
- LCA:
-
Life cycle assessment
- EOL:
-
End-of-life
- PFF:
-
Porter’s five forces
- VCA:
-
Value chain analysis
- Bio-PW:
-
Bio-plastic waste
- DPSIR:
-
Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response
- WoS:
-
Web of Science
- AD:
-
Anaerobic digestion
- WM:
-
Waste management
- CE:
-
Circular economy
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas
- UK:
-
United Kingdom
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PPE:
-
Polypropylene
- MaPs:
-
Macro plastics
- NPs:
-
Nano plastics
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- MSWM:
-
Municipal solid waste management
- LFG:
-
Landfill gas
- NOGs:
-
Non-governmental organizations
- OWS:
-
Organic solid waste
- WTE:
-
Waste-to-energy
- WS:
-
Waste solid
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- SDGs:
-
Sustainable development goals
- WTM:
-
Waste-to-material
- IoT:
-
Internet of things
- EU:
-
European Union
- PSW:
-
Plastic solid waste
- TCC:
-
Thermal-chemical conversion
- PVC:
-
Poly vinyl chloride
- CANMT:
-
Canadian Center for Mineral and Energy Technology
- SVZ:
-
Sekunda rrohstoff-Verwertungszentrum
- CEWEP:
-
European Waste-to-Energy Plants
- ASTM:
-
American Standard Testing and Materials Association
- GDP:
-
Gross domestic product
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- NIR:
-
Near infrared
- SWIR:
-
Short wave IR
- TBS:
-
Tracker-based sorting
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- PCOS:
-
Poly cystic ovarian syndrome
- PHB:
-
Poly (hydroxy butyrate)
- PHBV:
-
Poly (hydroxy butyrate-co-valrate)
- PHV:
-
Poly (hydroxy valerate)
- PBAT:
-
Polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PBS:
-
Polybutylene succinate
- P(3HB):
-
Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)
- 3HV:
-
3-Hydroxy valerate
- PGA:
-
Polyglycollic acid
- ISO:
-
International Organization for Standardization
- CEN:
-
European Committee for Standardization
- PTT:
-
Poly-1,3-propylene terephthalate
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Acknowledgements
Author Seeram Ramakrishna acknowledges the “Sustainable Tropical Data Centre Test Bed: A-0009465-0500” awarded by the National Research Foundation of Singapore. The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT) in Tehran, Iran.
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MM: conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing; MGh: conceptualization, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, software; EK: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision and feedback, funding acquisition resources; SR: conceptualization, funding acquisition resources, project administration; TT: writing—review and editing; ZACh: writing—review and editing and software. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Prof. Seeram Ramakrishna’s role is as Editor-in-Chief of Materials Circular Economy, and Prof. Elaheh Kowsari is a member of the editorial board for Materials Circular Economy. All other authors declare no competing interests.
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Mousavi, M., Kowsari, E., Gheibi, M. et al. Assessing Bioplastics’ Economic, Commercial, Political, and Energy Potential with Circular Economy Modeling: a Sustainable Solution to Plastic Waste Management. Mater Circ Econ 6, 6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-023-00098-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-023-00098-2