1 Introduction

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.) is the only member of family Simmondsiaceae [1]. Jojoba plants grow in different climates, do not require a lot of water and have potential value in combating desertification and land degradation in dry and semi-dry areas [2]. Jojoba is considered a promising oil crop and is cultivated for diverse purposes in many countries. Jojoba seeds produce a unique high-quality liquid wax (commercially oil). Interestingly, jojoba oil has some medicinal properties such as relieving headaches and throat inflammation as well as treating wounds [3]. Jojoba oil is reported to have anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-hypercholesterolemia and insecticidal properties [4, 5]. It is used for the production of biodiesel [6]. Jojoba oil can be applied in many different reactions, like sulfuration, hydrogenation or halogenation to obtain high value added products. It also has numerous industrial applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, and petrochemicals, which contribute to jojoba oil's high value [7]. The increased need for jojoba oil extraction from its natural source will not be enough to meet the future demand [8]. The variety of products that depend on jojoba oil contributes to the great potential expansion of jojoba cultivation areas. Jojoba meal (left over after oil extraction) can be used as a cheaper livestock ingredient [2] and/or in anaerobic digestion to produce biogas [9]. Besides the importance of seeds, it has also been demonstrated that the leaf and root extracts contain considerable antioxidant and antibacterial properties involved in treating asthma, inflammation, cancer and several pathogens [5, 10].

The jojoba plant is a recent introduction to Egyptian plantations. High yielding and high oil content genotypes are of great importance to ensure an economically acceptable yield. Jojoba cultivation distribution is mainly in the new reclaimed areas, which are very poor in nutrients and must be fertilized properly to insure a satisfying harvest. Under rational use of fertilizers, nutrients should be supplied only if there is proof that they are needed to assure both normal growth and productivity as well as an economic response is expected to fertilizer application [11]. Fewer studies have been published dealing with the nutrient concentrations of jojoba seeds and oil meal (a variable by product whose chemical structure is affected by both the efficiency of oil extraction and the presence of seed hulls) [12, 13]. Until the completion of this study, there are no scientific studies dealing with nutrient removal by jojoba seeds. Nutrients removal amounts could be of interest to estimate harvest consumption, which will result in an adequate final harvest. Logically, nutrient removal is influenced by factors such as soil, climate, fertilization program and plants. The present investigation was carried out to study different qualitative and quantitative characteristics of six female jojoba genotypes to select the most superior one in seed and oil yield, and also to assess the removed nutrients of jojoba genotypes by yield for the identification of the rational nutrition quantities that jojoba genotypes need.

2 Materials and methods

This study was carried out in a private farm at Abo-Ghaleb, Cairo-Alexandria desert Road, Egypt (latitude: 30° 03′ N, longitude: 31° 13′ E and 18.6 m above sea level) through the 2017 and 2018 seasons. The genotypes under study resulted from seeds obtained from local shrubs. Seed yield (kg) was the main criterion used in the selection of four years old, six sexually propagated female jojoba genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6), growing in sandy loam soil spaced at 2.25 × 3.75 m with a drip irrigation system. The genotypes were subjected to the same management treatments. Fertilizers application program per 4200 m2 was as follows:

  • In December, 250 kg of super phosphate (15%), 2.5 Tons of compost, 125 kg of elemental sulfur, and 500 kg of gypsum were added to the soil.

  • In February and March, 20 kg of N:P:K fertilizer (20:20:20) and 18 kg of calcium nitrate were applied.

Figures 1 and 2 show metrological data from the experimental site. The average temperature was recorded in Celsius (Kelvin = °C + 273.15).

Fig. 1
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Average temperature (°C) in the experimental area during the 2017 and 2018 seasons

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Fig. 2
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Average relative humidity (%) in the area during the 2017 and 2018 seasons

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Soil samples were randomly collected at the beginning of the experiment from the end zone of the root ramification in February at the depths of 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm, under dry land conditions. Soil samples were air-dried, grounded to pass through a 2.0 mm sieve and then mixed. Soil fraction’s chemical and physical properties and water sample’s chemical analysis were determined according to Piper [14] methods in the Land Resources Evaluation and Mapping Laboratory, National Research Center. Analysis results are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1 The chemical, physical and the soluble macro and micro-nutrients compositions of the experimental site’s soil samples
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Table 2 The chemical characteristics and macro-nutrients of the ground water sample collected from the experimental area
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2.1 First experiment: comparing vegetative, flowering, fruiting, yield, seed oil content, oil yield and seed physical characteristics

2.1.1 Vegetative measurements of jojoba genotypes

  • Shrubs height and diameters (m) were measured in October of the 2017 and 2018 seasons.

  • Canopy volume (m3) was calculated according to Thorne et al. [15] formula, “2/3пH (A/2 × B/2)”, where H is plant height, A and B are the diameter readings taken at 50% of plant height, with B perpendicular to A.

Twelve bearing shoots of each genotype were selected at the end of October (four shoots/replicate) to evaluate the following parameters in both seasons:

  • Average shoot length (cm).

  • Average number of leaves/meter.

  • Average leaf length (cm) and width (cm).

  • Average leaf length/width ratio (L/W ratio).

  • Average number of laterals/meter.

2.1.2 Flowering, fruiting, seed yield, seed oil content and oil yield characteristics

Average number of flowers and fruits/meter at the end of February and April, respectively were calculated. The seed yield (Kg) of each genotype was determined at the end of July. The A.O.A.C. [16] procedure was used to estimate seed oil content (%) in dry seeds using the Soxhlet apparatus, and petroleum ether (60–80 °C) for extraction [1]. Additionally, the following formula was used to calculate oil yield: “Oil yield (kg) = [(seed sample before extraction {g} – seed sample after extraction {g})/seed sample before extracting {g}] × seed yield {kg}”.

2.1.3 Seeds’ physical characteristics

After harvest, seed samples were collected from each genotype (ten seeds/replicate) to determine seed physical properties. Average seed length, width, thickness (cm), weight (g) and volume (ml3) were estimated. Seed volume was measured using the water displacement method.

2.1.4 Numerical evaluation of the studied jojoba genotypes

The numerical evaluation was estimated on the basis of 100 units [17], which were shared between the desired characteristics, focusing mainly on the yield (40 units), seed weight (10 units), seed oil percentage (25 units) and seed oil yield (25 units). Within each characteristic, the genotype that recorded the highest value received full units, while other genotype units were formulated on the full units.

2.2 Second experiment: seeds’ nutrient content and nutrient removal by yield

2.2.1 Seeds’ nutrient content

Three de-hulled seeds were selected from each genotype to determine the nutrient content. Seed samples were washed with tap water, then distilled water, oven dried till constant weight and grounded before being digested (0.20 g) in a mixture of sulfuric and perchloric acids according to Piper [14], while seed samples were digested by hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid for sulfur determination. Both macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) were estimated in seed samples according to Cottenie et al. [18].

2.2.2 Nutrient removal by yield (g and g per 1 kg of seed yield)

The estimated jojoba seed nutrient contents were used to calculate yield nutrient removal “(yield {g} × nutrient percentage in seeds)” and nutrient removal g per 1 kg of seed yield “((yield nutrient removal {g} × 1000)/seed yield {kg})” for each genotype based on yield dry weight [11, 19, 20].

2.3 Statistical analysis

The data of the experimental treatments (six jojoba genotypes) in the 2017 and 2018 experimental seasons were arranged in randomized complete block design and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to Snedecor and Cochran [21] and the means were differentiated using Duncan multiple tests at the level of probability, P < 0.05 [22].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 First experiment: comparing vegetative, flowering, fruiting, yield, seed oil content, oil yield and seed physical characteristics

3.1.1 Genotypes vegetative characteristics

  • Height (m): It may be noticed from Fig. 3a that G3 and G5 scored significantly higher values in this regard than the other genotypes (2.20 m for both of them in 2017 and 2.42 as well as 2.55 m in 2018, respectively), while G4 and G6 showed lower values.

  • Canopy volume (m3): As shown in Fig. 3a, G3 was significantly the highest in the 2017 season (1.94 m3), but in the 2018 season it was G1 (3.00 m3). In both seasons, G6 significantly showed the lowest values.

  • Shoot length (cm): G2 had the highest significant shoot length values in both seasons (36.20 and 35.00 cm, respectively), while G5 significantly gave the lowest values (Fig. 3b).

  • Average number of leaves/meter: In the 2017 season, G6 significantly scored the highest value (84.16), while in the 2018 season, G4 significantly surpassed the others (88.32). G1 gave lower values in both seasons (Fig. 3b).

  • Leaf length and width (cm): It is quite clear from the data in Fig. 3c that, G3 statistically acquired the highest leaf length (4.38 cm) and width (2.21 cm) in the 1st season, while G2 achieved the highest leaf length (4.36 cm) and G4 proved to be the best in leaf width (2.06 cm) in the 2nd season. On the other hand, G5 gave the least values during the studied seasons.

  • Leaf length/width ratio (L/W ratio): Insignificant differences were observed between jojoba genotypes in the 2017 season (Fig. 3c), while in the 2018 season, G4 had the lowest value with a significant difference from the others.

  • Number of laterals per meter: In both seasons, G5 significantly scored the highest values in this concern (7.42 and 6.86, respectively), while G6 took the other way around (Fig. 3b).

Fig. 3
figure 3

The vegetative traits of the studied jojoba genotypes in the 2017 and 2018 seasons

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Differences in vegetative growth characteristics among jojoba genotypes are in close conformity with the previously reported findings of Bakeer et al. [23], Eltaweel et al. [24] and Hassan et al. [1]. It's clear that G5 performed best in terms of height and number of laterals/m, while G6 performed poorly. Also, G6 demonstrated the lowest values of canopy volume. Furthermore, G5 placed lowest in shoot length, leaf length, and leaf width. Other genotypes showed different trends. This may be referred to each genotype's genetic background or competition between vegetative and reproductive growth.

3.1.2 Genotypes flowering, fruiting, seed yield, oil percentage and oil yield characteristics

  • Average number of flowers and fruits per meter: In both seasons, G5 was significantly superior in number of flowers per m (18.24 and 18.93, respectively) and number of fruits per m (16.54 and 17.33, respectively). G1 recorded the least values regarding number of flowers per m and lower number of fruit per m, with insignificant differences with G2 in the 1st season and G4 in the 2nd season (Fig. 4a).

  • Seed yield (kg per genotype): G2 was significantly superior in this regard, recording 1.000 and 1.700 kg in the 2017 and 2018 seasons, respectively (Fig. 4a). Both G3 and G4 showed the lowest yield value in the 2017 season with an insignificant difference with G1. However, in the 2018 season, the least yield value was shown by G4 which was statistically at par with G1.

  • Seed oil content (%): Significant differences were observed between the genotypes regarding seed oil percentage (Fig. 4b). During both studied seasons, G5 had the highest oil percentage (53.27 and 52.09%, respectively) and G2 had the lowest.

  • Oil yield (kg): In this regard, G2 showed the maximum statistical values (0.48 and 0.83 kg, respectively); on the other hand, minimum values were given by G4 (Fig. 4c).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Flowers and fruits traits, seed yield (kg), seed oil percentage and yield (kg) of the studied jojoba genotypes in the 2017 and 2018 seasons

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The aforementioned results of number of flowers and fruits agree with Eltaweel et al. [24] and Hassan et al. [1]. They noticed that, flowering and fruiting numbers differed according to the genotypes and varied from one season to another. This may be due to the differences in shrubs thermal requirements and physiological status. The preceding findings clearly demonstrated a negative association between shoot length and leaf length on the one hand, and number of flowers and fruits per meter on the other, which was evident in G2 and G5 genotypes. Capelli et al. [25] noticed that flowering and fruiting ancestor growth units produced significantly less terminal growth units than vegetative ancestor growth units during cycle one for both Cogshall and Kensington Pride mango cultivars, but only during cycle two for José cultivar. It is useful to mention that G5 showed fruit abortion and this may be due to heavy flowers and fruits load and the competition for the available assimilates, taking into account that G5 recorded the lowest shoot length, leaf length and width. In many cultivated species, fruit drop is more noticeable when the intensity is higher [26]. In the present study, both G2 and G5 showed higher yields which were supported by higher number of laterals per m. This may be due to higher leaves number which increased photosynthetic rates and incremental yield, Hassan et al. [1] reported similar results.

The findings of this study on oil percentage were confirmed [23, 27]. Ayerza [28] mentioned that differences in seed wax content between clones may be due to genetic variability. Although G2 recorded the highest yield, the seed oil percentage turned out to be the lowest, Hassan [29] found similar result. In a previous study, Hassan et al. [1] reported that the oil yield of 6 years old female jojoba genotypes ranged 0.35–1.04 kg. Statistical differences were found between female jojoba plants concerning number of flowers and fruits, yield, oil percentage and oil yield [1, 23, 24].

3.1.3 Seeds’ physical characteristics

Seed length, width, weight, thickness and volume of the six jojoba genotypes are presented in Figs. 5 and 6. In both seasons, G3 significantly recorded higher seed length values (1.73 and 1.71 cm, respectively), while G2 statistically gave the maximum width, weight, thickness and volume values (1.29 and 1.23 cm, 1.38 and 1.31 g, 1.21 and 1.18 cm as well as 1.600 and 1.567 ml3, respectively). In both studied seasons, G4 achieved the minimum seed length, weight and volume values. G3, G4 and G5 recorded smaller seed width values, while G3 had the smallest seed thickness values.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Seeds’ physical characteristics of the studied jojoba genotypes in the 2017 and 2018 seasons

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Fig. 6
figure 6

Seed length and width of the studied jojoba genotypes. (Single-fitting image, 300 DPI)

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Jojoba seeds significantly varied in length, width, thickness, volume and weight. The six jojoba shrubs under investigation were grown from seeds, and the wide variations among shrubs in the orchard were expected due to genetical variations between the chosen shrubs. The previously mentioned results were consistent with Bakeer et al. [23], Eltaweel et al. [24], Agarwal et al. [27] and Hassan et al. [1]. Purcell et al. [30] noted that high-yielding jojoba shrubs with larger seeds appeal to jojoba plant selectors because larger seeds are easy to harvest and handle. In this study, seed width, weight, thickness and volume are related to the higher yield, and this led to a higher oil yield. In the same direction, Hassan et al. [1] found that the incremental seed and oil yield were supported by higher seed width, weight and thickness. It may be concluded that selection by seed physical characteristics should be considered. It is worthy to note that despite the best flowers and fruits numbers/m as well as recording higher seed yield, oil percentage and yield of G5, its seed physical characteristics were poor.

3.1.4 Numerical evaluation of the studied jojoba genotypes

As shown in Table 3, G2 received the full units in yield, seed weight as well as oil yield, which resulted in recording the maximum numerical evaluation value (97.91 units), followed by G5 (76.16 units), whilst G4 showed the lowest one. In the case of G2, vegetative growth supported seed yield, oil yield, and seed characters, resulting in the highest values of the previously mentioned traits; however, in the case of G5, there was a depletion of available assimilates to form flowers and developing fruits, leading to fruit abortion and reduced seed growth as a result of higher load. Later, this heavy yield had a negative impact on summer and autumn vegetative growth (canopy volume, shoot length, and leaf characters). Capelli et al. [25] noticed that flowering and fruiting ancestor growth units produced significantly less terminal growth units than vegetative ancestor growth units during cycle one for both Cogshall and Kensington Pride mango cultivars, but only during cycle two for José cultivar. Moreover, they also observed that vegetative ancestor growth units produced greater leaf area than flowering and fruiting ancestor growth units during both cycles for both Cogshall and José cultivars. During cycle 1, vegetative ancestor growth units produced four times higher leaf area than flowering ancestor growth units and nine times higher than fruiting ancestor growth units for the Kensington Pride cultivar.

Table 3 Numerical evaluation of the studied jojoba genotypes in both seasons
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3.2 Second experiment: seeds’ nutrient content and yield nutrient removal

3.2.1 Seeds’ nutrient content

Dealing with seeds macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micro (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) nutrients content (Fig. 7), Data showed that G4 seeds had the highest accumulation of N and Mn, while G1 had the lowest contents of these nutrients. In the 2017 and 2018 seasons, the total N content in G1 seeds was approximately 0.65 and 0.70 of the total N content in G4 seeds, respectively, whereas the total Mn content was less than half of G4 seeds (Fig. 7a, c). Furthermore, in both seasons, G5 seeds had statistically the highest P and Cu concentrations (Fig. 7b, c), whilst G2 and G6 had lower P values. G1 reached Cu minimum values that were around 31 and 27% of G5 seed contents, respectively. Moreover, G2 seeds accumulated the highest S and K contents (Fig. 7a, b). The minimum S percentages were given by G1 (approx. 57% of G2 seeds) and G5 (50% of G2 seeds). G3 seeds had 0.7 and 0.84 lesser K amounts than G2 seeds, respectively. In the first season, G3 had the greatest Mg seed percentage (Fig. 7a), but in the second season, G1 had the highest percentage, while G4 had the lowest (about 70% of G3 and G1 seed contents). G4 seeds had the highest Fe concentrations (Fig. 7c), while G2 seeds had lower amounts in both seasons (almost 42 and 25% of G4 seed concentrations, respectively). Finally, G1 significantly had the highest Zn value in 2017, whereas G5 had the highest in 2018 (Fig. 7c). G4 recorded 0.42 and 0.35 of Zn seed contents of G1 and G5, respectively.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Nutrients content in the seeds of jojoba genotypes studied in 2017 and 2018 seasons

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All in all, the data in Fig. 7 revealed that the nutrient content in jojoba seeds was as follows: N ˃ S ˃ Mg ˃ K ˃ P ˃ Ca ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Cu ˃ Zn. Utz et al. [12] and Heuzé et al. [13] found partly similar results for jojoba seeds’ nutrient content. It was reported that the sources of jojoba seed had significantly different variances for all the elements except for calcium, copper, and zinc [12], and the oil meal composition depends on the efficiency of oil extraction and on the presence of seed hulls [13]. This study proved that N was the most abundant nutrient in jojoba seeds and showed that nutrients content is genotypic-specific and these differences varied significantly for all the studied nutrients. In addition, seed hulls were not included in this investigation. Different results may also be related to soil, climate, fertilization program, or genotypes. According to Wacal et al. [31] increased nutrient concentrations of K implies high uptake of K of sesame plants. Nutrient uptake is controlled by the nutrients concentration in the plant tissues as well as the dry matter yield. Filippi et al. [32] concluded that macro-nutrients concentration in soybean seeds is influenced by soybean yield and genetic materials as well. High Mg uptake (higher values in seeds) may have increased G3 seed length in the first season and G1 seed length in the second season, while its lowest values reduced G4 seed length. G4's decreased Mg uptake may be influenced by its genetic background. Zhang et al. [33] reported that Mg deficiency has high impact on size of seeds by impairing delivery of carbohydrates from leaves. Moreover, increased uptake of Mg may have promoted canopy volume of G3 and G1. Esteves et al. [34] mentioned that canopy volume of orange trees was statistically higher with Mg fertilization than other treatments at 168 kg ha−1 N in Mar. 2019.

3.2.2 Nutrient removal by yield (g)

Regarding the tabulated data in Tables 4 and 5, it was noticed that the six jojoba genotypes differed considerably in total nutrient removal. The highest yield of G2 was associated with the highest nutrient removal by yield. G2 recorded the maximum nutrient removed values under investigation except for Fe in both seasons, Cu in the 1st season and Zn in the 2nd season. On the other hand, G1 removed the lowest amount of N, while both G3 and G4 showed lower removal values of P and K. G4 and G5 had lower Ca values in common. G4 removed the minimum Mg values. G1 and G3 had lower values of removed S in the first season, and G3, G4, and G5 had lower values in the second season. A narrow variation was observed among the tested genotypes concerning Mn in both seasons and Cu in the 2018 season. Insignificant differences were observed between jojoba genotypes regarding Fe and Zn removal in both seasons, besides Cu in the 1st season.

Table 4 Removed macro-nutrients by yield (g) of the studied jojoba genotypes in the 2017 and 2018 seasons
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Table 5 Removed nutrients by yield (g) of jojoba genotypes studied in 2017 and 2018 seasons
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Concerning yield nutrient removal, G2 removed the highest amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Mn (g) in both seasons. Correspondingly, Tewolde et al. [35] mentioned that the highest yield treatment removed one of the largest amounts of all the nutrients.

3.2.3 Nutrient removal by yield (g per 1 kg of seed yield)

Referring to the results of removed nutrients by the yield of each genotype during the 2017 and 2018 seasons, it is clear that there were varied trends in the removed nutrients among the tested genotypes (Fig. 8). G4 proved to be the most effective N remover as shown in Fig. 8a (27.30 and 25.90 g/1 kg in the 2017 and 2018 seasons). Moreover, G5 attained the highest P removed values (3.80 and 3.70 g/1 kg, respectively) as depicted in Fig. 8b. G2 recorded the highest removed amounts of S (25.00 and 26.53 g/1 kg) and K (5.00 and 4.40 g/1 kg) in both seasons (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, G6 was the best Ca remover (Fig. 8b). Concerning Mg removed values, the highest values were given by G3 (8.27 g/1 kg) in the 1st season and G1 (8.23 g/1 kg) in the 2nd season (Fig. 8a). G4 recorded the highest removed Fe amounts in both seasons (0.0409 and 0.0411 g/1 kg, respectively), and Mn in the 1st season (Fig. 8c). Insignificant differences were obtained among the tested genotypes in relation to removed Cu and Zn amounts in both studied seasons, in addition to Mn in the 2nd season (Fig. 8c). In the 2017 and 2018 seasons, G1 removed the lowest N and Mn values, also, G2 and G6 removed lower P values, while G3, G5 and G4 removed the lowest amounts of K, Ca and Mg, respectively. Taking into consideration removed S amounts, G1 and G5 gave the lowest values in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. Finally, G2 removed lower values of Fe in both seasons.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Removed nutrients (g/1 kg seeds) by yield of jojoba genotypes in the 2017 and 2018 seasons

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This study showed that nitrogen was the most removed nutrient by jojoba genotype seeds and nutrient removal is a genotypic-specific. Similarly, Filippi et al. [32] announced that data from research published between 2015 and 2019 indicated that soybean removes 57.2 kg Mg−1 N on average, which made it the highest removed nutrient. Gaspar et al. [36] found that S removal of Soybean Seeds differed by variety, whereas Ca, Zn, Mn and B differed by environment and/or variety effect. The maximum oil percentage of G5 may be due to increased P removal (g/1 kg seeds). Phosphorus, according to Lepcha et al. [37], improves biochemical attributes such as protein and oil content in groundnut plants. G2 seeds may require the most K and S removal to produce good seed quality. Maximum S removal was associated with the highest G2 seed and oil yields. According to Raza et al. [38], four different sesame genotypes had considerably varying sulfur seed contents, showing that sulfur has a considerable impact on oilseed crops' seed output and quality.

Table 6 reveals the average nutrient removal by yield (g/1 kg seeds) of six jojoba genotypes in both of the studied seasons. The following nutrients were removed in lesser amounts than the major removed nutrients (nitrogen and sulfur):

  • Macro-nutrients: P exceeded six times, K five times approx., Ca less than twenty times and Mg almost three times.

  • Micro-nutrients: Fe above 815 times, Cu over 1905 times, Mn higher than 1025 times, and Zn exceeded 2480 times.

Table 6 Average nutrient removal by yield (g/1 kg seeds) of both seasons by the studied jojoba genotypes
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Data presented in Table 6 may be beneficial to farmers, researchers, consultants and extension personnel in implementing the best fertilization management practices for jojoba yield.

4 Conclusions

From the above results of this study, it may be concluded that G2 proved to be significantly the best in relation to numerical evaluation (1st experiment), so it’s recommended to propagate it asexually and cultivate it in new reclaimed areas to ensure profitable seed and oil yield. The nutrients found in jojoba seeds were as follows: N ˃ S ˃ Mg ˃ K ˃ P ˃ Ca ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Cu ˃ Zn. The sixth jojoba genotypes had statistically different seed nutrient contents and yield removal, according to the findings (2nd experiment). Nitrogen was the most removed nutrient by jojoba genotypes followed by sulfur. In order to achieve the best yield and seed quality, it is advised to pay close attention to nutrient removal by yield to ensure sufficient N and S concentrations as well as achieving a sufficient range of Mg, K, P, and Ca contents. Micro-nutrients should be monitored and applied if needed.