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A Review on Chemoselective Reduction of Nitroarenes for Wastewater Remediation Using Biochar Supported Metal Catalysts: Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies

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Abstract

Nitroarenes are applied for several industrial purposes e.g., nitrobenzene manufacturing, textile, pharmaceuticals, etc. Large-scale production and discharge of nitroarenes containing wastewater into the waterbodies have become a threat to the environment. Around 4–5 million tons of nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene are produced commercially per year around the globe. Due to the hazardous effects, nitroaromatic compounds are listed in the 130 priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Nitroarenes are chemically stable, persistent, toxic, and carcinogenic even if found at low concentrations in drinking water. Due to being electron-deficient, nitroarenes do not mineralize naturally by microbes or other biological treatments. Nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, etc. are mainly present in the effluents of the nitrobenzene production plants. The nitroarenes reduction in an aqueous medium using heterogeneous catalysts is a greener approach. A carbonaceous materials biochar (BC), when combined with metal nanoparticles, forms new hybridized material i.e., metal-BC hybrid (MBC) which shows good catalytic activities in the reduction of nitroarenes selectively. These materials with higher surface area and porosity are promising materials for this purpose. This review focuses mainly on the various contamination sources and the catalytic efficiency of various BCs/MBCs regarding the selective reduction of various nitroarenes. The kinetics and mechanistic behavior of the nitroarene reduction using MBCs have also been discussed with a proper mathematical approach. This review also opens a new dimension to designing efficient BC-based catalytic materials for the selective reduction of various nitroarenes along with suitable characterization techniques which could be adopted for the detailed mechanistic studies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Department of Science and Technology; Government of West Bengal vide project sanction (No. 674(sanc)/ST/P/S&T/15G/5/2016) dated 09/11/2016 for financial support. The authors would like to thank the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Government of India vide project sanction no. DST, SEED/TITE/2019/84 for financial support. AP thanks University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Govt. of India for providing him with UGC-BSR Research Start-Up-Grant [No.F.30-557/2021(BSR)].

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  1. Nanomaterials Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, India

    Purnima Singh, Arnab Mukherjee & Debasis Dhak

  2. Computational Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, India

    Anupama Mahato & Anup Pramanik

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Singh, P., Mukherjee, A., Mahato, A. et al. A Review on Chemoselective Reduction of Nitroarenes for Wastewater Remediation Using Biochar Supported Metal Catalysts: Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies. Chemistry Africa 6, 561–578 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00534-x

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