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Nanosensor-based on TiO2 nanoparticles coated with cationic surfactant for the determination of 2,4-D in fruits and vegetables

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Abstract

This study engineered an electrochemical electrode designed for the susceptible detection of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) through sophisticated electrochemical methodologies. The electrode, denoted as CTAB/TiO2-CPE, was synthesized by integrating titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles into a carbon paste electrode (CPE) and introducing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant to the electrolyte solution. Comparative analysis revealed that the CTAB/TiO2-CPE exhibited superior sensitivity compared to the unmodified CPE, showcasing an impressive lower limit of detection at 0.23 × 10−8 M. A meticulous examination of pH influence demonstrated that the phosphate buffer saline (PB) induced the highest peak current at a pH of 3.0. Exploring scan rate variations enabled the quantitative assessment of various physicochemical attributes. The fabricated electrode was systematically employed to quantify 2,4-D levels across diverse environmental samples, including soil, fruits, vegetables, and water. The results, characterized by a high degree of precision, underscore the reliability of the proposed electrode, demonstrating a commendable success rate in sample recoveries.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Mondal thanks ORNL for their support and encouragement.

Funding

Dr. Nagaraj P. Shetti thanks the Government of India’s SERB for assisting with a research grant with project number SRG/2022/001174. Dr. Shweta J. Malode acknowledges VGST, Government of Karnataka, for the research grant in RGS-F scheme with GRD No. 1071. Prof. Abdullah N. Alodhayb acknowledges Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R304), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi, 580027, Karnataka, India

    Keerthi Prabhu

  2. Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India

    Shweta J. Malode & Nagaraj P. Shetti

  3. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA

    Kunal Mondal

  4. University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Panjab, India

    Nagaraj P. Shetti

  5. Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Abdullah N. Alodhayb

  6. Department of Self-Development Skills, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Saravanan Pandiaraj

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  1. Keerthi Prabhu
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  3. Kunal Mondal
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Prabhu, K., Malode, S.J., Mondal, K. et al. Nanosensor-based on TiO2 nanoparticles coated with cationic surfactant for the determination of 2,4-D in fruits and vegetables. emergent mater. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-024-00703-3

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