Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) frame with masonry infills is a building typology where an RC frame is constructed first and subsequently masonry wall panels (infills) are constructed to enclose spaces within a building. Several low-rise RC frame buildings experienced shear failure in past earthquakes in India and Nepal due to inadequate size of RC frame members, poor reinforcement detailing, improper confinement of RC columns, and lack of quality workmanship. The objective of this paper is to establish a simplified criteria for predicting a failure mechanism in low-rise RC framed buildings with masonry infills. Three criteria were examined and a parametric study was performed on 36 numerical models to determine the parameters which affect the occurrence of flexural or shear failure mechanism in masonry-infilled RC frame structures. The study showed that the main factors influencing a failure mechanism are the ratio of shear capacities for RC columns corresponding to the shear and flexural failure mechanisms and the ratio of shear stiffnesses for RC columns and infilled frame. The results also showed that RC frames with a larger column longitudinal reinforcement ratio have higher chances for shear failure, given the same frame and infill dimensions and mechanical properties. The paper may be relevant for engineering professionals and researchers interested in assessing seismic safety of non-engineered low-rise RC frame buildings.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data and models generated or used during the study appear in the submitted manuscript.
Code availability
Not Applicable.
References
Al-Chaar, G., Issa, M., & Sweeney, S. (2002). Behavior of masonry-infilled nonductile reinforced concrete frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(8), 1055–1063.
Asteris, P. G. (2003). Lateral stiffness of brick masonry infilled plane frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129(8), 1071–1079.
Basha, S. H., & Kaushik, H. B. (2016). Behavior and failure mechanisms of masonry-infilled RC frames (in low-rise buildings) subject to lateral loading. Engineering Structures, 111, 233–245.
Basha, S. H., & Kaushik, H. B. (2019). A novel macromodel for prediction of shear failure in columns of masonry infilled RC frames under earthquake loading. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(4), 2219–2244.
BIS (2016a). Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures: General provisions and buildings. IS 1893 (Part1), 6th Revision. Bureau of Indian Standards.
BIS (2016b). Indian standard ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure subjected to seismic forces- Code of practice. IS 13920, 1st Revision. Bureau of Indian Standards.
Blackard, B., Willam, K., & Mettupalayam, S. (2009). Experimental observations of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication, 265–9, 199–122.
Blandon, C. A. (2005). Implementation of an infill masonry model for seismic assessment of existing buildings. Italy: Individual Study, European School for Advanced Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk (ROSE School).
Brzev, S., & Anderson, D. (2018). Seismic design guide for masonry buildings (2nd ed.). Canadian Concrete Masonry Producers Association.
Brzev, S., Pandey, B., Maharjan, D. K., & Ventura, C. (2017). Seismic vulnerability assessment of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings affected by the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake. Earthquake Spectra, 33(S1), S275–S298.
Choudhury, T., & Kaushik, H. B. (2018). Seismic fragility of open ground storey RC frames with wall openings for vulnerability assessment. Engineering Structures, 155, 345–357.
Chrysostomou, C. Z., Gergely, P., & Abel, J. F. (2002). A six-strut model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of steel infilled frames. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 2(03), 335–353.
Crisafulli, F.J. (1997). Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structures with masonry infills. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Crisafulli, F. J., & Carr, A. J. (2007). Proposed macro-model for the analysis of infilled frame structures. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 40(2), 69–77.
CSA (2014). Design of concrete structures. CSA A23.3–14. Canadian Standards Association.
FEMA. (1998). Evaluation of earthquake damaged concrete and masonry wall buildings: basic procedures manual. Washington: Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA-306.
Filippou, F. C., Bertero, V. V., & Popov, E. P. (1983). Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints. Berkeley: Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, University of California. Report No. UCB/EERC-83.
Fiore, A., Netti, A., & Monaco, P. (2012). The influence of masonry infill on the seismic behaviour of RC frame buildings. Engineering Structures, 44, 133–145.
Holmes, M. (1961). Steel frames with brickwork and concrete infilling. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 19(4), 473–478.
Kaushik, H. B., Rai, D. C., & Jain, S. K. (2006). Code approaches to seismic design of masonry-infilled Reinforced Concrete frames: a State-of-the-Art Review. Earthquake Spectra, 22(4), 961–983.
Khokhar, R. (2018). Failure mechanisms in low-rise RC framed buildings with masonry infill under seismic loading. M. Tech. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, India.
Khokhar, R. and Brzev, S. (2018). Shear failure mechanism of RC frames with masonry infills under lateral loading. Proceedings of the16th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, 366. IIT Roorkee, India.
Madan, A., Reinhorn, A. M., Mander, J. B., & Valles, R. E. (1997). Modeling of masonry infill panels for structural analysis. Journal of Structural Engineering, 123(10), 1295–1302.
Madas, P.J. (1993). Advanced modelling of composite frames subject to earthquake loading. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of London, England.
Mainstone, R. J. (1971). On the stiffness and strength of infilled frames. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 49(2), 57–90.
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J., & Park, R. (1988). Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8), 1804–1826.
Martínez-Rueda, J. E., & Elnashai, A. S. (1997). Confined concrete model under cyclic load. Materials and Structures, 30(3), 139–147.
Mehrabi, A. B., & Shing, P. B. (1997). Finite element modeling of masonry-infilled RC frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 123(5), 604–613.
Mehrabi, A. B., Shing, B. P., Schuller, M. P., & Noland, J. L. (1996). Experimental evaluation of masonry-infilled RC frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 122(3), 228–237.
Menegotto, M. and Pinto, P. (1973). Method of analysis for cyclically loaded RC plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behaviour of elements under combined normal force and bending. Proceedings of the IABSE Symposium on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well Defined Repeated Loads, 15–22.
Milićević, I., Marinković, M., Blagojević, N., and Nikolić-Brzev, S. (2021). Performance of RC Frames in 26.11.2019. Albania Earthquake: Effects of Irregularities and Detailing. Building Materials and Structures, 64: 207–213.
Moghaddam, H. A., & Dowling, P. J. (1987). The State of the Art in Infilled Frames. Civil Engineering Department London ESEE Research, UK: Imperial College of Science and Technolog. Report No. 87-2.
Murty, C.V.R., Brzev, S., Faison, H., Comartin, C.D., and Irfanoglu, A. (2006). At risk: the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infills. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Paulay, T., & Priestley, M. N. (1992). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. Wiley.
Seismosoft (2016). SeismoStruct 2016 - A computer program for static and dynamic nonlinear analysis of framed structures, available from https://seismosoft.com/.
Shing, P. B., & Stavridis, A. (2014). Analysis of seismic response of masonry-infilled RC frames through collapse. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication, 297–7, 1–20.
Smyrou, E., Blandon, C., Antoniou, S., Pinho, R., & Crisafulli, F. (2011). Implementation and verification of a masonry panel model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of infilled RC frames. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9(5), 1519–1534.
Stafford Smith, B., & Carter, C. (1969). A method of analysis for infilled frames. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 44(1), 31–48.
Stafford Smith, B., & Riddington, J. R. (1977). The composite behaviour of elastic wall—beam systems. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 63(2), 377–391.
Stavridis, A. (2009). Analytical and experimental study of seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames infilled with masonry walls. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
Stavridis, A., & Shing, P. B. (2010). Finite-element modeling of nonlinear behavior of masonry-infilled RC frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 136(3), 285–296.
Tempestti, M. and Stavridis, A. (2017). Simplified method to assess lateral resistance of infilled reinforced concrete frames. Proc., 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile.
Tomaževič, M. (1999). Earthquake-resistant design of masonry buildings. Imperial College Press.
Acknowledgements
The first author is indebted for the financial assistance provided by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India during her M.Tech. studies at IIT Gandhinagar, India.
Funding
The financial assistance was provided by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India to the first author Ms. Rimpy Khokhar during her M.Tech. studies in civil engineering at IIT Gandhinagar, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khokhar, R., Brzev, S. Simplified criteria for the prediction of shear failure mechanism in low-rise RC frames with masonry infills. Asian J Civ Eng 22, 1481–1498 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-021-00393-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-021-00393-w