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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nanozyme Based Detection of Heavy Metal Ions and its Challenges: A Minireview

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Abstract

Naznozymes have become an important alternative to natural enzymes for many sensing applications, due to their relatively high stability, easy synthesis, and cost-effectiveness. Nanozyme-based assays, especially paper-based assays are portable, and therefore, are convenient for use in field operations, especially in remote parts of the world. Decreasing water levels, depletion of water resources, and large scale mining create the need for rapid detection of heavy metal ions in various water samples. In comparison with traditional methods of heavy metal ion detection, nanozyme-based systems enable rapid and cheap screening on the spot with a very simple instrument such as a UV–Vis absorption spectrophotometer. The sensing mechanism of a nanozyme-based sensor is highly dependent on its surface properties. They often encounter selectivity issues, unlike natural enzyme-based assays. Therefore, different types of target recognition and inhibition/enhancement mechanisms have been reported to achieve high selectivity. In this short review, we mainly focus our discussion on various interaction of the heavy metal ions with the nanozyme, and their responses towards the catalytic activity in the sensing of target metal ions.

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Scheme 1
Fig. 1

Reproduced from Ref. [16] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 2

Reproduced from Ref. [66] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 3

Reproduced from Ref. [75]

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from [63]

Fig. 5

Reproduced from Ref. [79] with permission from American Chemical Society

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  • 23 March 2020

    The publisher has retracted this article [1] due to an operational error during the publication process.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under Contract No. 107-2622-B-182-001-CC2, 107-2113-M-019-004-MY3, 107-2622-M-019-001-CC2 and 107-2627-M-007-007-MY3, University System of Taipei Joint Research Program under contract USTP-NTUT-NTOU-108-02, and the Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.

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  1. Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2, Beining Road, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan

    Binesh Unnikrishnan, Chia-Wen Lien & Chih-Ching Huang

  2. Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan

    Chih-Ching Huang

  3. School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan

    Chih-Ching Huang

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  1. Binesh Unnikrishnan
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The publisher has retracted this article due to an operational error during the publication process. The authors agree with this retraction.

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Unnikrishnan, B., Lien, CW. & Huang, CC. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nanozyme Based Detection of Heavy Metal Ions and its Challenges: A Minireview. J. Anal. Test. 3, 206–218 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41664-019-00110-2

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