Abstract
The world is now experiencing the first real global energy crisis, the effects of which will be felt for many years to come. Fossil fuels have accounted for more than 80% of the world’s energy requirements for decades. The cost of coal has reached record highs, while the price of oil reached at it’s peak in the middle of 2022 at well over 100 US dollars per barrel before declining. Rising energy costs of fossil fuels are driving a significant wealth shift from consumers to producers. The primary causes of the growing level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are fossil fuels. Stated Policy Scenario predicts a 1% annual growth in primary energy demand through 2030, which will be mostly satisfied by greater usage of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is gaining popularity as a means of supplying energy since it is a renewable fuel, non-toxic, biodegradable, and locally available using recycled or agricultural materials with a lesser environmental effect. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short-chain esters, made by using numerous resources, which can be used (alone or blended with conventional diesel) in an unmodified diesel engine. The greenhouse gas emission for biodiesel is 74% lesser as compared to diesel fuel. With the widespread implementation of blending rules, the usage of biofuels rises to 5.5 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (mboe/day) in 2030 from 2.2 mboe/day in 2022. This study explores the numerous rare biodiesel feedstock, production, fatty acid content, physical properties and their effect on diesel engine output behaviour. These resources contain a large amount of free fatty acids and triglycerides which are usually used in the preparation of biodiesel. Since biodiesel has a higher oxygen content and a lower energy content than diesel fuel, it often offers better brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, NOx emission, and decreased HC, CO and smoke emissions at some blending ratio. The exhaust gas recirculation assembly in the engine reduces the NOx emission. The incorporation of non-additive in biodiesel blend acts as a catalyst during the combustion process and improves engine combustion by increasing the surface area of combustion. Biodiesel is clean energy and can be a promising future energy source for diesel engines.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article.
Abbreviations
- KAC:
-
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)-activated Ailanthus cake
- CAC:
-
Calcined Ailanthus cake
- CdS:
-
Cadmium sulphide
- FMAE:
-
Fatty acid methyl ester
- BSEC:
-
Brake specific energy consumption
- BSFC:
-
Brake specific fuel consumption
- DMC:
-
Dimethyl carbonate
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- CCD:
-
Central composite design
- VCR:
-
Variable compression ratio
- BTE:
-
Brake thermal efficiency
- EGT:
-
Exhaust gas temperature
- EGR:
-
Exhaust gas recirculation
- HRR:
-
Heat release rate
- CR:
-
Compression ratio
- UHC:
-
Unburned hydrocarbon
- US:
-
United States
- HC:
-
Hydrocarbon
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- DI:
-
Direct injection
- CI:
-
Compression ignition
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- WCO:
-
Waste cooking oil
- IP:
-
Injection pressure
- IT:
-
Injection timing
- bTDC:
-
Before top dead centre
- B00:
-
100% Biodiesel
- B10:
-
10% Biodiesel + 90% diesel
- B15:
-
15% Biodiesel + 85% diesel
- B20:
-
20% Biodiesel + 80% diesel
- B30:
-
30% Biodiesel + 70% diesel
- B40:
-
40% Biodiesel + 60% diesel
- D100:
-
Neat diesel
- BP:
-
Brake power
- CuO:
-
Copper oxide
- Al2O3 :
-
Aluminium oxide
- ppm:
-
Parts per million
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic
- EU:
-
European Union
References
Abdul Wahhab HA, Al-Kayiem HH (2021) Environmental risk mitigation by biodiesel blending from Eichhornia crassipes: performance and emission assessment. Sustainability (switzerland) 13(15):1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158274
Agarwal S, Kumari S, Mudgal A, Khan S (2020) Green synthesized nanoadditives in jojoba biodiesel-diesel blends: an improvement of engine performance and emission. Renewable Energy 147:1836–1844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.139
Ahmad AL, Yasin NHM, Derek CJC, Lim JK (2011) Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(1):584–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.018
Ahmad AF, Zulkurnain N, Rosid SJM, Azid A, Endut A, Toemen S, Ismail S, Abdullah WNW, Aziz SM, Yusoff NM, Rosid SM, Nasir NA (2022) Catalytic transesterification of coconut oil in biodiesel production: a review. Catal Surv Asia 26(3):129–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10563-022-09358-8
Ahmed NA (2018) Performance evaluation of a diesel engine using blends of optimized yields of sand apple (Parinari polyandra) oil biodiesel. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.040
Ahmed M, Shaukat SS, Siddiqui MF (2011) A multivariate analysis of the vegetation of Cedrus deodara forests in Hindu Kush and Himalayan ranges of Pakistan: evaluating the structure and dynamics. Turk J Bot. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1009-57
Al-Kahtani HA (1991) Survey of quality of used frying oils from restaurants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 68(11):857–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02660602
Almutairi AW (2020) Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus limitations on fatty acid methyl esters and fuel properties of Dunaliella salina. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(26):32296–32303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08531-8
Amos O, Ogunniyi DS, Odetoye TE (2016) Production of biodiesel from Parinari polyandra B. seed oil using bio-based catalysts. Nig J Technol Dev 13(1):26. https://doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v13i1.5
Ansari K, Goga G, Mohan R (2022) Performance and emission characteristics of Mahua blended biodiesel. Mater Today: Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.154
Anwar F, Rashid U, Ashraf M, Nadeem M (2010) Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil for biodiesel production. Appl Energy 87(3):779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.020
Arivarasu A, Jini D, Vijay Samuel G, Meghna K, Ramkumar K (2023) Production of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil methyl esters using tungstophosphoric acid as catalyst (pp. 71–84). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3931-0_5
Arunachalam Sivagurulingam AP, Sivanandi P, Pandian S, Arumugamurthi SS, Sircar A (2019) Optimization and kinetic studies on biodiesel production from microalgae (Euglena sanguinea) using calcium methoxide as catalyst. Energy Source, Part a: Recover, Util Environ Effects 41(12):1497–1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1549124
Arunachalam Sivagurulingam AP, Sivanandi P, Pandian S (2022) Isolation, mass cultivation, and biodiesel production potential of marine microalgae identified from Bay of Bengal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(5):6646–6655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16163-9
Ashokkumar V, Salim MR, Salam Z, Sivakumar P, Chong CT, Elumalai S, Suresh V, Ani FN (2017) Production of liquid biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) from brown marine macroalgae Padina tetrastromatica. Energy Convers Manage 135:351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.054
Asokan MA, Senthur Prabu S, Bade PKK, Nekkanti VM, Gutta SSG (2019) Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of juliflora biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine. Energy 173:883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.075
Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Ong HC, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Badruddin IA, Fayaz H (2013) Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 18:211–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.013
Attal AR et al (2010) Abrus precatorius Linnaeus: a phytopharmacological review. J Pharm Res 3(11):2585–2587
Attal MM, Dave MC, Mahalle DAM (2014) Experimental investigation on performance of a diesel engine using Garcinia indica (kokam) and rice bran oil based biodiesels as fuels. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng 11(5):01–07. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-11520107
Attia AMA, Kulchitskiy AR, Nour M, El-Seesy AI, Nada SA (2022) The influence of castor biodiesel blending ratio on engine performance including the determined diesel particulate matters composition. Energy 239:121951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121951
Awais M, Musmar SA, Kabir F, Batool I, Rasheed MA, Jamil F, Khan SU, Tlili I (2020) Biodiesel production from Melia azedarach and Ricinus communis oil by transesterification process. Catalysts 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040427
Azad AK, Rasul MG, Bhatt C (2019) Combustion and emission analysis of Jojoba biodiesel to assess its suitability as an alternative to diesel fuel. Energy Procedia 156:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.121
Balasubramanian R, Sircar A, Sivakumar P, Anbarasu K (2018) Production of biodiesel from dairy wastewater sludge: a laboratory and pilot scale study. Egypt J Pet 27(4):939–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.02.002
Balasubramanian D, Papla Venugopal I, Viswanathan K (2019) Characteristics investigation on DI diesel engine with nano-particles as an additive in lemon grass oil. SAE Tech Papers, October. https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-28-0081
Baranitharan P (2020) Exergy analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with Aegle marmelos de-oiled seed cake pyrolysis oil opus. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 39(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13426
Baranitharan P, Ramesh K, Sakthivel R (2019) Measurement of performance and emission distinctiveness of Aegle marmelos seed cake pyrolysis oil/diesel/TBHQ opus powered in a DI diesel engine using ANN and RSM. Meas: J Int Meas Confederation 144:366–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.05.037
Bhatia SK, Bhatia RK, Yang Y-H (2017) An overview of microdiesel — a sustainable future source of renewable energy. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 79:1078–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.138
Bhutia SK, Maiti TK (2011) Crabs eye (Abrus precatorius) seed and its immunomodulatory and antitumor properties. In Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (pp. 409–415). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10049-0
Booramurthy VK, Kasimani R, Pandian S, Ragunathan B (2020) Nano-sulfated zirconia catalyzed biodiesel production from tannery waste sheep fat. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(17):20598–20605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07984-1
Booramurthy VK, Kasimani R, Pandian S (2022a) Biodiesel production from tannery waste using a nano catalyst (ferric-manganese doped sulphated zirconia). Energy Sources Part a: Recovery, Utilization Environ Effects 44(1):1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1639849
Booramurthy VK, Kasimani R, Pandian S, Subramanian D (2022b) Magnetic nano-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel from tannery sludge: characterization, optimization and kinetic studies. Arab J Sci Eng 47(5):6341–6353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06020-9
Bouaid A, Bajo L, Martinez M, Aracil J (2007) Optimization of biodiesel production from jojoba oil. Process Saf Environ Prot 85(5):378–382. https://doi.org/10.1205/psep07004
Canakci M (2007) The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks. Biores Technol 98(1):183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.022
Chakrabarti MH, Ali M, Baroutian S, Saleem M (2011) Techno-economic comparison between B10 of Eruca sativa L. and other indigenous seed oils in Pakistan. Process Saf Environ Prot 89(3):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2010.11.006
Chandra H, Grag N, Kumar S, Ahmad W (2020) Materials today: proceedings influence of the catalytic activity of MgO catalyst on the comparative studies of Schlichera oleosa, Michelia champaca and Putranjiva based biodiesel and its blend with ethanol-diesel. Mater Today: Proceedings, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.432
Chew KW, Chia SR, Show PL, Yap YJ, Ling TC, Chang J-S (2018) Effects of water culture medium, cultivation systems and growth modes for microalgae cultivation: a review. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 91:332–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.039
Chhetri A, Watts K, Islam M (2008) Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production. Energies 1(1):3–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1010003
Chokkalingam S, Chandrasekaran K, Pandian S, Asir O (2022) Optimization of performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel from non-edible Raphanus sativus oil with nano-additive. Theor Found Chem Eng 56(6):1158–1170. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579522060215
Costa E, Almeida MF, da C Alvim-Ferraz M, Dias JM (2018) Effect of Crambe abyssinica oil degumming in phosphorus concentration of refined oil and derived biodiesel. Renewable Energy 124:27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.089
Costa E, Almeida MF, Alvim-Ferraz C, Dias JM (2019) The cycle of biodiesel production from Crambe abyssinica in Portugal. Ind Crops Prod 129:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.032
Costa E, Almeida MF, Alvim-Ferraz C, Dias JM (2021) Otimization of Crambe abyssinica enzymatic transesterification using response surface methodology. Renewable Energy 174:444–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.042
de Aquino GS, Ventura MU, Alexandrino RP, Michelon TA, de Araujo Pescador PG, Nicio TT, Watanabe VS, Diniz TG, de Oliveira ALM, Hata FT (2018) Plant-promoting rhizobacteria Methylobacterium komagatae increases crambe yields, root system and plant height. Ind Crops Prod 121:277–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.020
Deepalakshmi S, Sivalingam A, Thirumarimurugan M, Yasvanthrajan N, Sivakumar P (2014) In-situ transesterification and process optimization of biodiesel from waste avocado seed. J Chem Pharm Sci 2014-Decem(4):115–118
Dhana Raju V, Kishore PS, Yamini K (2018) Experimental studies on four stroke diesel engine fuelled with tamarind seed oil as potential alternate fuel for sustainable green environment. Eur J Sustain Dev Res 2(1). https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr/78489
Dhanamurugan A, Subramanian R (2015) Emission and performance characteristics of a diesel engine operating on diesel-bael (Aegle marmelos) biodiesel blends. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 14(2):331–336
Dhivagar R, Sundararaj S, Vignesh VR (2018) Biodiesel from lemon and lemon grass oil and its effect on engine performance and exhaust emission. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 330(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/330/1/012103
EdwinGeo V, Fol G, Aloui F, Thiyagarajan S, Jerome Stanley M, Sonthalia A, Brindhadevi K, Saravanan C (2021) Experimental analysis to reduce CO2 and other emissions of CRDI CI engine using low viscous biofuels. Fuel 283:118829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118829
El-Seesy AI, Attia AMA, El-Batsh HM (2018) The effect of aluminum oxide nanoparticles addition with Jojoba methyl ester-diesel fuel blend on a diesel engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Fuel 224:147–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.076
Eswaramoorthi Y, Pandian S, Sahadevan R (2022) Kinetic studies on the extraction of oil from a new feedstock (Chukrasia tabularis L. seed) for biodiesel production using a heterogeneous catalyst. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(6):14565–14579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23163-w
Fadhil AB, Sedeeq SH, Al-Layla NMT (2019) Transesterification of non-edible seed oil for biodiesel production: characterization and analysis of biodiesel. Energy Sources, Part a: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 41(7):892–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1520367
Fadhil AB, Nayyef AW, Sedeeq SH (2020) Valorization of mixed radish seed oil and Prunus armeniaca L. oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: evaluation and analysis of biodiesels. Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2390
Falasca SL, Flores N, Lamas MC, Carballo SM, Anschau A (2010) Crambe abyssinica: an almost unknown crop with a promissory future to produce biodiesel in Argentina. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35(11):5808–5812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.095
Faria D, Santos F, Machado G, Lourega R, Eichler P, de Souza G, Lima J (2018) Extraction of radish seed oil (Raphanus sativus L.) and evaluation of its potential in biodiesel production. AIMS Energy 6(4):551–565. https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2018.4.551
Fisher BT, Knothe G, Mueller CJ (2010) Liquid-phase penetration under unsteady in-cylinder conditions: soy- and cuphea-derived biodiesel fuels versus conventional diesel. Energy Fuels 24(9):5163–5180. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100594p
Flanders A, Abdulkarim SM (1985) The composition of seed and seed oils of taramira (Eruca sativa). J Am Oil Chem Soc 62(7):1134–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02542308
Foroutan R, Peighambardoust SJ, Mohammadi R, Peighambardoust SH, Ramavandi B (2022) Application of waste chalk/CoFe2O4/K2CO3 composite as a reclaimable catalyst for biodiesel generation from sunflower oil. Chemosphere 289:133226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133226
Gaillard Y, Krishnamoorthy A, Bevalot F (2004) Cerbera odollam: a ‘suicide tree’ and cause of death in the state of Kerala. India J Ethnopharmacol 95(2–3):123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.004
Ganesan S, Mohanraj M, Khushal S, Lokesh S (2021) Effect of tertiary butyl hydroquinone on diesel engine performance fuelled with lemon grass oil. Mater Today: Proc xxxx 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.669
García-Martín JF, Barrios CC, Alés-Álvarez F-J, Dominguez-Sáez A, Alvarez-Mateos P (2018) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in an oscillatory flow reactor. Performance as a fuel on a TDI diesel engine. Renewable Energy 125:546–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.002
Graham SA, Pinheirocoelhojosé G, Murad AM, Rech EL, Cavalcanti TB, Inglis PW (2016) Patterns of fatty acid composition in seed oils of Cuphea, with new records from Brazil and Mexico. Ind Crops Prod 87:379–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.008
Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S (2008) Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy 33(11):1646–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.06.002
Hajra B, Sultana N, Pathak AK, Guria C (2015) Response surface method and genetic algorithm assisted optimal synthesis of biodiesel from high free fatty acid sal oil (Shorea robusta) using ion-exchange resin at high temperature. J Environ Chem Eng 3(4):2378–2392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.08.015
Harisha P, Anil Kumar BN, Tilak SR, Ganesh C (2021) Production and optimization of biodiesel from composite Pongamia oil, animal fat oil and waste cooking oil using RSM. Mater: Today Proc 47(xxxx):4901–4905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.322
Harun Kumar M, Dhana Raju V, Kishore PS, Venu H (2020) Influence of injection timing on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine powered with tamarind seed biodiesel blend. Int J Ambient Energy 41(9):1007–1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1501741
Hasan MI, Mukta NA, Islam MM, Chowdhury AMS, Ismail M (2020a) Evaluation of fuel properties of sal (Shorea robusta) seed and its oil from their physico-chemical characteristics and thermal analysis. Energy Sources Part A: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1774684
Hasan MI, Mukta NA, Islam MM, Chowdhury AMS, Ismail M (2020b) Evaluation of fuel properties of sal (Shorea robusta) seed and its oil from their physico-chemical characteristics and thermal analysis. Energy Sources, Part A: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1774684
Hosamani KM, Hiremath VB, Keri RS (2009) Renewable energy sources from Michelia champaca and Garcinia indica seed oils: a rich source of oil. Biomass Bioenerg 33(2):267–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.05.010
Hoseini SS, Naja G, Ghobadian B, Mamat R, Ebadi MT, Yusaf T (2018a) Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) seed oil: characterisation and optimisation of ultrasonication-assisted biodiesel production. 220(January):621–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.094
Hoseini SS, Najafi G, Ghobadian B, Mamat R, Ebadi MT, Yusaf T (2018b) Novel environmentally friendly fuel: the effects of nanographene oxide additives on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with Ailanthus altissima biodiesel. Renewable Energy 125:283–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.104
Hoseini SS, Najafi G, Ghobadian B, Mamat R, Ebadi MT, Yusaf T (2018c) SC. Renewable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.104
Hoseini SS, Najafi G, Ghobadian B, Mamat R, Ebadi MT, Yusaf T (2018d) Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) seed oil: characterisation and optimisation of ultrasonication-assisted biodiesel production. Fuel 220:621–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.094
Hoseini SS, Naja G, Ghobadian B, Ebadi MT, Mamat R, Yusaf T (2020) Biodiesels from three feedstock: the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles diesel engine parameters fuelled with biodiesel. 145:190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.020
Hotti SR, Hebbal OD (2015) Biodiesel production and fuel properties from non-edible champaca (Michelia champaca) seed oil for use in diesel engine. J Therm Eng 1(1):330–336
Idris SA, Rosli NR, Raja Aris RMA (2022) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of fatty acids compounds from tamarind seeds. Mater Today: Proceedings 63:S462–S466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.129
International Energy Agency. (2022). International Energy Agency (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2022. https://hww.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022/Executive-Summary. 524
Ionov M, Yuldasheva N, Ulchenko N, Glushenkova AI, Heuer B (2013) Growth, development and yield of Crambe abyssinica under saline irrigation in the greenhouse. J Agron Crop Sci 199(5):331–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12027
Islam MN, Sabur A, Ahmmed R, Hoque ME (2015) Oil extraction from pine seed (Polyalthia longifolia) by solvent extraction method and its property analysis. Procedia Eng 105(Icte 2014):613–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.05.039
Jabeen M, Munir M, Abbas MM, Ahmad M, Waseem A, Saeed M, Kalam MA, Zafar M, Sultana S, Mohamed A, Chaudhry B (2022) Sustainable production of biodiesel from novel and non-edible Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) seed oil from green and recyclable potassium hydroxide activated Ailanthus cake and cadmium sulfide catalyst. Sustainability 14(17):10962. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710962
Janaun J, Ellis N (2010) Perspectives on biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(4):1312–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.12.011
Jayakumar T, Arunprasad J, Thirugnanasambantham R, Rajesh R, Sugumar S, Elango T (2022) Performance and emissions characteristics of soyabean biodiesel in compression ignition engine, pp 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0244-4_2
Joseph CO, Chidozie VA, Obioma UN, Christopher CO, Emeka GA (2014) Potentials of non-edible Abrus precatorius seed oil towards biodiesel production. Afr J Biotech 13(44):4226–4235. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.13979
Joshi HC, Grag N, Kumar S, Ahmad W (2021) Influence of the catalytic activity of MgO catalyst on the comparative studies of Schlichera oleosa, Michelia champaca and Putranjiva based biodiesel and its blend with ethanol-diesel. Mater Today: Proceedings 38:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.432
Kannan D, Christraj W (2018) Emission analysis of Azolla methyl ester with BaO nano additives for IC engine. Energy Sources Part a: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 40(10):1234–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1476617
Kansedo J, Lee KT, Bhatia S (2009) Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil as a promising non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production. Fuel 88(6):1148–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.12.004
Kant Bhatia S, Kant Bhatia R, Jeon JM, Pugazhendhi A, Kumar Awasthi M, Kumar D, Kumar G, Yoon JJ, Yang YH (2021) An overview on advancements in biobased transesterification methods for biodiesel production: oil resources, extraction, biocatalysts, and process intensification technologies. Fuel 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119117
Katagi KS, Munnolli RS, Hosamani KM (2011) Unique occurrence of unusual fatty acid in the seed oil of Aegle marmelos Corre: screening the rich source of seed oil for bio-energy production. Appl Energy 88(5):1797–1802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.010
Khan TMY, Atabani AE, Badruddin IA, Badarudin A, Khayoon MS, Triwahyono S (2014) Recent scenario and technologies to utilize non-edible oils for biodiesel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 37:840–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.064
Kishore Khatri K, Singh M, Khatri N (2023) An artificial neural network model for the prediction of performance and emission parameters of a CI engine-operated micro-tri-generation system fueled with diesel, Karanja oil, and Karanja biodiesel. Fuel 334:126549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126549
Knothe G (2014) Cuphea oil as a potential biodiesel feedstock to improve fuel properties. J Energy Eng 140(3):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ey.1943-7897.0000194
Knothe G, Cermak SC, Evangelista RL (2009) Cuphea oil as source of biodiesel with improved fuel properties caused by high content of methyl decanoate. Energy Fuels 23(3):1743–1747. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800958t
Kolli V, Gadepalli S, Debbarma J, Mandal P, Barathula S (2020a) Experimental analysis on performance, combustion & emissions of a diesel engine fueled by Aegle marmelos seed oil biodiesel with additives: graphene nanosheets and oxygenated diethyl ether. Energy Sources Part A: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 00(00):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1783393
Kolli V, Gadepalli S, Debbarma J, Mandal P, Barathula S (2020b) Experimental analysis on performance, combustion & emissions of a diesel engine fueled by Aegle marmelos seed oil biodiesel with additives: graphene nanosheets and oxygenated diethyl ether. Energy Sources, Part A: Recover Utilization Environ Effects, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1783393
Kotaiah K, Periyasamy P, Prabhahar M (2020) Performance and emission characteristics of small agricultural diesel engine using lemongrass oil and its diesel blends. Mater Today: Proc 33(xxxx):658–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.773
Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R (2017) Combined effect of compression ratio, injection pressure, and injection timing on performance and emission of a DI compression ignition engine fueled with diesel-Aegle marmelos oil-diethyl ether blends using response surface methodology. Energy Fuels 31(10):11362–11376. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01515
Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R (2018) The influence of charge air temperature and exhaust gas recirculation on the availability analysis, performance and emission behavior of diesel - bael oil - diethyl ether blend operated diesel engine. J Mech Sci Technol 32(4):1835–1847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0340-4
Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R, Mohamed Shameer P (2018) RSM based optimization of performance and emission characteristics of DI compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel/aegle marmelos oil/diethyl ether blends at varying compression ratio, injection pressure and injection timing. Fuel 221(May 2017):283–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.070
Krohn BJ, McNeff CV, Yan B, Nowlan D (2011) Production of algae-based biodiesel using the continuous catalytic Mcgyan® process. Biores Technol 102(1):94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.035
Kuete V (2014) Physical, hematological, and histopathological signs of toxicity induced by African medicinal plants. In Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants (pp. 635–657). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00022-4
Kukana R, Jakhar OP (2022a) Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using composite biodiesel from waste cooking oil - Hibiscus cannabinus oil. J Clean Prod 372:133503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133503
Kukana R, Jakhar OP (2022b) Effect of ternary blends diesel/n-propanol/composite biodiesel on diesel engine operating parameters. Energy 260:124970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124970
Kumar A, Sharma S (2011) Potential non-edible oil resources as biodiesel feedstock: an Indian perspective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(4):1791–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.020
Kumar Rai R, Rekha Sahoo R (2020) Taguchi-Grey method optimization of VCR engine performance and heat losses by using Shorea robusta biodiesel fuel. Fuel 281:118399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118399
Kumbhar V, Pandey A, Varghese A, Wanjari S (2022) An overview of production, properties and prospects of tamarind seed oil biodiesel as an engine fuel. Int J Ambient Energy 43(1):3356–3364. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1824946
Lakshmi RV, Jaikumar S, Srinivas V, Rajasekhar M (2022) Vibration and noise study on the direct injection compression ignition engine running with nanoparticle dispersed Abrus precatorius biodiesel blend. SILICON 14(9):4887–4897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01280-4
Lovestead TM, Windom BC, Bruno TJ (2010) Investigating the unique properties of cuphea-derived biodiesel fuel with the advanced distillation curve method. Energy Fuels 24(6):3665–3675. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100319h
Lustig N (2009) Elliott School of International Affairs Coping with Rising Food Prices: Policy Dilemmas in the Developing World Coping with Rising Food Prices: Policy Dilemmas in the Developing. 202
Majid A, Azim A, Hussain W, Iqbal Z, Hameed H, Malik J, Khan A, Ismail K, Urehman M (2015) Antibacterial effects of Cedrus deodara oil against pathogenic bacterial strains in-vitro approaches International Journal of Biosciences | IJB. Int J Biosci 6(1):185–191. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/6.1.185-191
Masimalai S, Kuppusamy V (2015) A comprehensive assessment on performance behavior of a CI engine using bio oil emulsions (PJSO10, KSO10 and CSO10) as fuels. J Mech Sci Technol 29(10):4491–4498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0948-6
Mehra T (2018) Process optimization of biodiesel production from cedar wood oil (Cedrus deodara) using response surface methodology. SAE Technical Papers, 2018-April. https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0665
Mishra VK, Goswami R (2018) A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel. Biofuels 9(2):273–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1336350
Motojesi O, Ogunlaja AS, Amos O (2011) Variation in lipid composition of the seed oil Parinari polyandra Benth. Asian J Appl Sci 4(2):195–201. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2011.195.201
Mumtaz MW, Adnan A, Mahmood Z, Mukhtar H, Danish M, Ahmad Z (2012) Biodiesel production using Eruca sativa oil: optimization and characterization. Pak J Bot 44(3):1111–1120
Mursiti S, Fitriani Rahayu E, Maylia Rosanti Y, Nurjaya I (2019) Mahogany seeds oil: isolation and characterizations. IOP Conference Series: Mater Sci Eng 509:012137. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012137
Naik NS, Ammisetti DK, Kishan B, Chitturi S (2022) Experimental analysis of Azolla biodiesel blends in CI engine (pp. 379–390). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7282-8_27
Narayanasamy B, Jeyakumar N (2019) Performance and emission analysis of methyl ester of Azolla algae with TiO2 nano additive for diesel engine. Energy Sources, Part a: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 41(12):1434–1445. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1548519
O’Connery, B. D. (2010). Biodiesel handling and use guide. In Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (Issue November).
Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA (2019a) Performance evaluation of a diesel engine using blends of optimized yields of sand apple (Parinari polyandra) oil biodiesel. Renewable Energy 134:1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.040
Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA (2019b) Response surface analysis for optimisation of reaction parameters of biodiesel production from alcoholysis of Parinari polyandra seed oil. Int J Sustain Energ 38(7):630–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2018.1554661
Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA (2020) Exhaust emissions and engine performance analysis of a marine diesel engine fuelled with Parinari polyandra biodiesel–diesel blends. Energy Rep 6:2999–3007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.10.070
Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA, Mputsoe TS (2021) Experimental evaluation of oil extraction from South African Melia azedarach seeds as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Int J Eng Res Afr 55:159–171. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.55.159
Ong HC, Silitonga AS, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Chong WT (2014) Investigation of biodiesel production from Cerbera manghas biofuel sources. Energy Procedia 61:436–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1143
Öztürk E, Can Ö (2022) Effects of EGR, injection retardation and ethanol addition on combustion, performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with canola biodiesel/diesel fuel blend. Energy 244:123129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123129
Palatty PL, Shivashankara AR, Baliga MS, Jaiswal A, Pankaj P, Joseph N (2013) The Indian medicinal plant Aegle marmelos in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes (pp. 519–536). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397153-1.00083-4
Pali HS, Kumar N (2016) Combustion, performance and emissions of Shorea robusta methyl ester blends in a diesel engine. Biofuels 7(5):447–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1153363
Pandey MK, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB (2009) Kokum (Garcinol). Mol Targets Ther Uses Spices: Modern Uses Anc Med 281–310. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812837912_0011
Paramasivam B, Kasimani R, Rajamohan S (2019) Experimental assessment and multi-response optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics fuelled with Aegle marmelos seed cake pyrolysis oil-diesel blends using Grey relational analysis coupled principal component analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(7):6980–7004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04164-8
Rai RK, Sahoo RR (2021a) Engine performance, emission, and sustainability analysis with diesel fuel-based Shorea robusta methyl ester biodiesel blends. Fuel 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120234
Rai RK, Sahoo RR (2021b) Effect of Shorea robusta methyl ester biodiesel blends on the exergy and sustainability analysis of diesel engine. Experimental Heat Transfer 34(5):443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2020.1776419
Raja E, Premjeyakumar M (2021) Potent effect of Prosopis juliflora (biodiesel + isopropanol + diesel) fueled with diesel engine and egr alteration. Clean Eng Technol 4:100205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100205
Rajak U, Verma TN (2018) Effect of emission from ethylic biodiesel of edible and non-edible vegetable oil, animal fats, waste oil and alcohol in CI engine. Energy Convers Manag 166(1):704–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.070
Rajeshwaran M, Ganeshan P, Raja K (2018) Optimization and biodiesel production from Prosopis julifera oil with high free fatty acids. J Appl Fluid Mech 11(1):257–270. https://doi.org/10.29252/jafm.11.01.28336
Raju VD, Kishore PS (2017) Effect of tamarind seed methyl ester and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy 0(0):1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1421579
Raju VD, Kishore PS, Nanthagopal K, Ashok B (2018) An experimental study on the effect of nanoparticles with novel tamarind seed methyl ester for diesel engine applications. Energy Conversion Manag 164(November 2017):655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.032
Raju VD, Kishore PS, Kumar MH, Reddy SR (2019) ScienceDirect experimental investigation of alumina oxide nanoparticles effects on the performance and emission characteristics of tamarind seed biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. Mater Today: Proc 18:1229–1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.585
Raju VD, Venu H, Subramani L, Kishore PS, Prasanna PL, Kumar DV (2020) An experimental assessment of prospective oxygenated additives on the diverse characteristics of diesel engine powered with waste tamarind biodiesel. Energy 203:117821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117821
Rama Krishna Reddy E, Subbalakshmi Y, Dhana Raju V, Apparao K, Harun Kumar M, Rami Reddy S, Tharun Sai P (2022) Assessment of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine powered with corn biodiesel blends. Int J Ambient Energy 43(1):435–443
Ramalingam S, Murugesan E, Ganesan P, Rajendiran S (2020) Characteristics analysis of julifora biodiesel derived from different production methods. Fuel 280:118579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118579
Ramesh T, Sathiyagnanam AP, De Poures MV, Murugan P (2022) A comprehensive study on the effect of dimethyl carbonate oxygenate and EGR on emission reduction, combustion analysis, and performance enhancement of a CRDI diesel engine using a blend of diesel and Prosopis juliflora biodiesel. Int J Chem Eng 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5717362
Rastogi, P. M., Sharma, A., & Kumar, N. (2021). Effect of CuO nanoparticles concentration on the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine running on jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) biodiesel. Fuel, 286, 119358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119358
Renish RR, Selvam AJ, Čep R, Elangovan M (2022a) Influence of varying compression ratio of a compression ignition engine fueled with B20 blends of sea mango biodiesel. Processes 10(7):1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071423
Renish RR, Selvam AJ, Čep R, Elangovan M (2022b) Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a VCR engine fueled with sea mango biodiesel/diesel blends. Processes 10(8):1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081469
Rezania S, Oryani B, Park J, Hashemi B, Yadav KK, Kwon EE, Hur J, Cho J (2019) Review on transesterification of non-edible sources for biodiesel production with a focus on economic aspects, fuel properties and by-product applications. Energy Conversion Manag 201:112155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112155
Rezania S, Mahdinia S, Oryani B, Cho J, Kwon EE, Bozorgian A, Rashidi Nodeh H, Darajeh N, Mehranzamir K (2022) Biodiesel production from wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) seed oil using a novel heterogeneous catalyst of LaTiO3 nanoparticles. Fuel 307:121759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121759
Rohith Renish R, Selvam AJ, M. (2021) A critical review on production process, physicochemical properties, performance and emission characteristics of sea mango biodiesel-diesel blends. Mater Today: Proc 44:2600–2605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.654
Rosa HA, Wazilewski WT, Secco D, Chaves LI, Veloso G, de Souza SNM, da Silva MJ, Santos RF (2014) Biodiesel produced from crambe oil in Brazil—a study of performance and emissions in a diesel cycle engine generator. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38:651–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.013
Saibabu K, Dhana Raju V, Appa Rao K, Rami Reddy S, Tharun Sai P (2022) Experimental studies on the influence of antioxidant additive with waste tamarind biodiesel on the diverse characteristics of diesel engine. Int J Ambient Energy 43(1):268–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1636871
Saleh A, Akande FB, Adeyemi DT, Oniya OO (2021) Performance evaluation of a compression ignition engine using sand apple (Parinari polyandra B.) ethyl ester (biodiesel). Nig J Technol 40(2):348–356. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i2.21
Saravanan Arumugamurthy S, Sivanandi P, Pandian S, Choksi H, Subramanian D (2019) Conversion of a low value industrial waste into biodiesel using a catalyst derived from brewery waste: an activation and deactivation kinetic study. Waste Manage 100:318–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.030
Saravanan A, Murugan M, Sreenivasa Reddy M, Parida S (2020) Performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio CI engine fueled with dual biodiesel blends of Rapeseed and Mahua. Fuel 263:116751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116751
Saravanan K, Booramurthy VK, Pandian S, Sathyamurthy R (2022) Synthesizes of nanocatalyst for the production of biodiesel from tannery sludge; characterization and optimization. Theor Found Chem Eng 56(6):1140–1146. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579522060240
Sathiyamoorthi R, Sankaranarayanan G (2017) The effects of using ethanol as additive on the combustion and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with neat lemongrass oil-diesel fuel blend. Renewable Energy 101:747–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.09.044
Scott SA, Davey MP, Dennis JS, Horst I, Howe CJ, Lea-Smith DJ, Smith AG (2010) Biodiesel from algae: challenges and prospects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21(3):277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.005
See CDO, Pascual MPIP, Buenviaje CQ, Cua DTH, Choi AES, Tapia JFD (2022) Fuzzy optimization of the esterification conditions of biodiesel production from karanja oil. Process Integr Optim Sustain 6(3):657–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-022-00236-4
Senthilkumar C, Krishnaraj C, Sivakumar P, Sircar A (2019) Statistical optimization and kinetic study on biodiesel production from a potential non-edible bio-oil of wild radish. Chem Eng Commun 206(7):909–918. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2018.1538973
Shaisundaram VS, Chandrasekaran M, Muraliraja R, Shanmugam M, Baskar S, Bhuvendran A (2020) Investigation of tamarind seed oil biodiesel with aluminium oxide nanoparticle in CI engine. Mater Today: Proc 37(Part 2):1417–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.597
Sharma A, Singh Y, Singh NK, Singla A (2019) Sustainability of jojoba biodiesel/diesel blends for DI diesel engine applications—Taguchi and response surface methodology concept. Ind Crops Prod 139:111587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111587
Sierra-Cantor JF, Guerrero-Fajardo CA (2017) Methods for improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel with high saturated fatty acids content: a review. Renewable Sustain Energy Rev 72(December 2016):774–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.077
Singh Pali H, Sharma A, Singh Y, Kumar N (2020) Sal biodiesel production using Indian abundant forest feedstock. Fuel 273:117781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117781
Singh A, Sinha S, Choudhary AK, Chelladurai H (2022) Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst, application of Taguchi robust design and response surface methodology to optimise diesel engine performance fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel blends. Int J Ambient Energy 43(1):2976–2987. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1789741
Sivakumar P, Anbarasu K, Renganathan S (2011) Bio-diesel production by alkali catalyzed transesterification of dairy waste scum. Fuel 90(1):147–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.08.024
Sivakumar P, Sindhanaiselvan S, Gandhi NN, Devi SS, Renganathan S (2013) Optimization and kinetic studies on biodiesel production from underutilized Ceiba pentandra oil. Fuel 103:693–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.029
Sivakumar S, Venkatachalam R, Nedunchezhian N, Sivakumar P, Rajendran P (2014) Processing of cashew nut shell and feasibility of its oil as bio fuel in compression ignition engine. J Chem Pharma Sci 1(2014-Decem):133–135
Sridhar Raja KS, Ganesan S (2022) An experimental study on the effect of magnesium oxide in cedarwood oil. Int J Ambient Energy 43(1):5788–5792. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2021.1994462
Stavarache CE, Morris J, Maeda Y, Oyane I, Vinatoru M (2008) Syringa (Melia azedarach L.) berries oil: a potential source for biodiesel fuel. Revista de Chimie 59(6):672–677. https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.08.6.1853
Stevanato N, da Silva C (2019) Radish seed oil: ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethanol as solvent and assessment of its potential for ester production. Ind Crops Prod 132:283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.032
Sunil Kumar M, Rajasekar R, Ganesan S, Venkatesan SP, Praveen Kumar V (2021) Evaluation of metal oxide nano particles in lemongrass biodiesel for engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics. Mater Today: Proceedings 44(xxxx):3657–3665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.796
Swami SB, Thakor NJ, Haldankar PM, Kalse SB (2012) Jackfruit and its many functional components as related to human health: a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 11(6):565–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00210.x
Swamy DLSVN, Kowsik Y, Raju VD, Rao KA, Venu H, Prasad KB, Kowsik Y, Raju VD, Rao KA, Venu H (2019) Effect of 1-butanol on the characteristics of diesel engine powered with novel tamarind biodiesel for the future sustainable energy source. Energy Sources, Part a: Recover Utilization Environ Effects 00(00):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1675810
Thiruvenkatachari S, Saravanan CG, Edwin Geo V, Vikneswaran M, Udayakumar R, Aloui F (2021) Experimental investigations on the production and testing of azolla methyl esters from Azolla microphylla in a compression ignition engine. Fuel 287:119448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119448
Thiruvenkatachari S, Saravanan CG, Raman V, Vikneswaran M, Josephin JSF, Varuvel EG (2022) An experimental study of the effects of fuel injection pressure on the characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by the third generation Azolla biodiesel. Chemosphere 308:136049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136049
Uyaroğlu A, Uyumaz A, Çelikten İ (2018) Comparison of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of inedible Crambe abyssinica biodiesel and edible hazelnut, corn, soybean, sunflower, and canola biodiesels. Environ Prog Sustainable Energy 37(4):1438–1447. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12794
Uyaroğlu A, Gürü M, Kocakulak T, Uyumaz A, Solmaz H (2021) Combustion, performance and emission analyses of organic manganese-added Crambe abyssinica biodiesel in a direct injection diesel engine. Fuel 297(March). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120770
Vallapudi DR, Makineni HK, Pisipaty SK, Venu H (2018) Combined impact of EGR and injection pressure in performance improvement and NOx control of a DI diesel engine powered with tamarind seed biodiesel blend. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(36):36381–36393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3540-7
Vedaraman N, Puhan S, Nagarajan G, Ramabrahmam BV, Velappan KC (2012) Methyl ester of sal oil (Shorea robusta) as a substitute to diesel fuel—a study on its preparation, performance and emissions in direct injection diesel engine. Ind Crops Prod 36(1):282–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.09.003
Venkatesan SP, Ganesan S, Prabhahar JJ, Kaveti VR, Anoop A, Andrew A (2022) Performance and emission test on diesel engine using Prosopis juliflora seed oil. Int J Ambient Energy 43(1):1701–1706. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1719887
Venu H, Venkataraman D, Purushothaman P, Vallapudi DR (2019) Eichhornia crassipes biodiesel as a renewable green fuel for diesel engine applications: performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(18):18084–18097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04939-z
Vidya Sagar C, Kumari NA (2013) Sustainable biofuel production from water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes). Int J Eng Trends Technol 4(10):4454–4458
Vinodkumar V, Karthikeyan A (2022) Effect of manifold injection of n-decanol on neem biodiesel fuelled CI engine. Energy 241:122856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122856
Viswanathan K, Wang S, Esakkimuthu S (2021) Impact of yttria stabilized zirconia coating on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics fuelled by lemon grass oil biofuel. J Therm Anal Calorim 146(5):2303–2315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10364-z
Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge Center for Alternative and Renewable Energy and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Azamgarh for the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, B., Srivastava, A.K. & Prakash, O. A Comprehensive Review on Rare Biodiesel Feedstock Availability, Fatty Acid Composition, Physical Properties, Production, Engine Performance and Emission. Process Integr Optim Sustain 7, 1081–1116 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-023-00343-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-023-00343-w