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Geant4 application for efficiency simulation of PbF2 based calorimeters

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to create a new tool for fast computer simulations allowing one to design advanced electromagnetic calorimeters with the required properties. The application must calculate the calorimeter efficiency and measure the particles' energies, momenta and interaction time to detect the particles. This application should become the basis for a new technology of positron emission tomography.

Methods

To solve the problem, a new C++ application based on Geant4 simulation toolkit has been developed. To monitor the response of calorimeters to different types of primary particles, we used different auxiliary Geant4 classes. In addition, we compare the simulation results for the detectors of three different setups, taking into account the detection of both electrons and gamma-quanta, and analyze their efficiency. To evaluate the capability of calorimeters to work under radiation load, we use an experimentally measured transmission function of radiation-damaged PbF2.

Results

Three calorimeter setups exploiting PbF2 were simulated with a new C++ application based on Geant4. We showed that such type of calorimeter has an energy resolution of \({{4.1\% } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{4.1\% } {\sqrt {E_{{e^{ + } }} [{\text{GeV}}]} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {\sqrt {E_{{e^{ + } }} [{\text{GeV}}]} }}\) and good linearity of response for GeV positrons measurements. The efficiency of such structures is found to be approximately 20% for gamma photons’ detection. The multilayered structure based on gamma-quanta detection has been proven to be more efficient. It was shown that for the total ionizing dose of 30 krad the Cherenkov light yield decreases by up to two times for 14 cm long PbF2 crystals, while for the shorter ones (2.5 and 1.5 cm) this effect is almost negligible.

Conclusions

We present a new user application in Geant4 for fast simulation of complex structures designed for detection of different high-energy neutral and charged particles. Simulation of calorimeter interaction with 103 of 3 GeV positrons takes 20 min on usual laptop, while for 105 511 keV gamma photons it takes 1 min on average. This application allows one to evaluate the efficiency of electromagnetic calorimeters exploiting lead fluoride crystals. Our results pave the way for advanced particle energy measurements, including those used in rapidly developing medical applications such as positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography etc.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, projects № FZWG-2020-0032 (2019-1569) and № FSWU-2023-0075.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Condensed Matter Physics, National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Kashirskoe Sh. 31, Moscow, Russia, 115409

    A. A. Savchenko & A. A. Tishchenko

  2. Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Belgorod National Research University, Pobedy St. 85, Belgorod, Russia, 308015

    A. A. Savchenko

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Correspondence to A. A. Savchenko.

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Savchenko, A.A., Tishchenko, A.A. Geant4 application for efficiency simulation of PbF2 based calorimeters. Radiat Detect Technol Methods 7, 435–446 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-023-00399-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-023-00399-9

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