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A genetic link between albitic magmas and IOCG mineralization in the Ossa Morena Zone (SW Iberia)

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Abstract

A detailed geological and isotopic study of the Colmenar deposit (Ossa Morena Zone, SW Iberia) shows that the magnetite-rich mineralization formed by complex magmatic-hydrothermal processes related to the crystallization of water-rich albite-magnetite igneous rocks derived from the crystallization of unusual melts formed during anatexis in a high temperature-low pressure metamorphic regime. The most likely protolith includes a sequence of iron-rich chemical sediments, amphibolite and possible meta-evaporites of early Cambrian age. The albite-magnetite rock occurs as up to 20 cm-thick dyke and breccia bodies and show complex immiscibility relationships with an albite-K-feldspar-quartz leucogranite. Iron-rich fluids exsolved during the crystallization of these melts are responsible of the formation of hydrothermal breccias and the widespread replacement of the hosting calc-silicate hornfels by a magnetite-ferroactinolite-albite assemblage along syn-mineralization shear zones. Geochronological data obtained for mineralization and related hydrothermal alteration points to a Variscan age (ca. 340 Ma), interpreted also as the age of the high-grade metamorphism driving anatexis at the Valuengo Metamorphic Complex. Despite the low Cu and Au contents, this mineralization shares features with the IOCG systems, which in other districts show a spatial relationship with albite-rich rocks, evaporites and pre-existing iron mineralization. The observations presented from Colmenar support an alternative genetic model with prospective implications for the Ossa Morena Zone that can be extrapolated to other IOCG belts worldwide.

Resumen

El estudio geológico y geocronológico de detalle del depósito de Colmenar (Zona de Ossa Morena, SO Ibérico) muestra que la mineralización de magnetita se formó por procesos magmático-hidrotermales relacionados con la intrusión de un magma inusual (albita + magnetita) y rico en agua generado por anatexia en un ambiente metamórfico de alta temperatura y baja presión. El protolito más probable se corresponde con una secuencia de sedimentos químicos ricos en hierro, anfibolitas, y probablemente meta-evaporitas del Cámbrico Inferior. Estas rocas ricas en albita y magnetita se encuentran como brechas magmáticas y diques de hasta 20 centímetros de espesor, y presentan complejas relaciones de inmiscibilidad con leucogranitos ricos en albita, feldespato potásico y cuarzo. Los fluidos enriquecidos en hierro y exsueltos durante la cristalización de estos magmas fueron responsables de la formación de brechas hidrotermales soportadas por una matriz de ferroactinolita y magnetita, que también aparecen junto con albita remplazando rocas de silicatos cálcicos a favor de bandas de cizalla. La geocronología de la mineralización y alteración hidrotermal indica una edad Varisca (ca. 340 Ma), que se interpreta, su vez, como la edad del metamorfismo de alto grado responsable de los procesos de fusión parcial en el Núcleo Metamórfico de Valuengo. A pesar de sus bajos contenidos en Cu y Au, este estilo de mineralización comparte características con los sistemas tipo IOCG, que en otros distritos muestra relaciones espaciales con albititas, evaporitas, y mineralizaciones de hierro preexistentes. Las observaciones en Colmenar soportan un modelo genético alternativo con implicaciones prospectivas para la zona de Ossa Morena, y que es extrapolable a distritos IOCG en otras partes del mundo.

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Fig. 1

modified from Julivert et al. 1974) and Eurasia (top left). The chart shows the stratigraphic succession and temporal correlation of the main igneous and tectonic events of the Ossa Morena Zone, (right; adapted from Quesada 1992)

Fig. 2

Modified from Apraiz et al. (1996), Quesada & Sánchez-García (2002) and Expósito et al. (2003)

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Acknowledgements

This paper is a tribute to Dr Carmen Galindo, who passed away in 2019. This work was supported by project RTI2018-099157-A-I00 and grant programs from the Spanish Geological Survey (IGME), the Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) and Swiss funds (FNSNF). Would like to thank Cesar Casquet, Francisco Velasco, Cristina Tome, Christopher Heinrich and Cecilio Quesada for the fruitful discussions at the field. We acknowledge the support from Luis Fontbote, Urs Schaltegger, Richard Spikings, Maria Ovtcharova & Kalin Kouzmanov during the analytical stage at the Earth Science Department at Geneva´s Universtity, and Nycole Rayner for her shared experiences during SHRIMP analysis at Canadian Geological Survey in Ottawa. Thanks for Jose Manuel Fuenlabrada for his expertise at the analytical stage at the Geochronology Unit from Complutense University of Madrid. Finally, we thank to Aitor Cambeses, and Antonio Castro for their review and suggestions for the improvement of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lundin Mining Corporation, 150 King Street West, Suite 2200, Toronto, ON, M5H 1J9, Canada

    Jorge Carriedo

  2. Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), Dr Severo Ochoa 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Fernando Tornos & Carmen Galindo

  3. Section des Sciences de la Terre, University of Geneva, Rue des Maraichers 13, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland

    Massimo Chiaradia

  4. Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Carmen Galindo

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  1. Jorge Carriedo
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  2. Fernando Tornos
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  4. Carmen Galindo
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Correspondence to Jorge Carriedo.

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Carmen Galindo: Deceased.

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Carriedo, J., Tornos, F., Chiaradia, M. et al. A genetic link between albitic magmas and IOCG mineralization in the Ossa Morena Zone (SW Iberia). J Iber Geol 47, 85–119 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-021-00162-3

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