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Higher Protein Intake does not Modulate Resistance Training–Induced Changes in Myokines and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults

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Abstract

While protein intake augments resistance training–induced changes in muscular strength and body composition, the benefits of higher protein intake and resistance training on cognitive outcomes and myokines with neurocognitive implications are unclear. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of moderate (0.8–1.0 g·kg−1·day−1) and high (1.6–1.8 g·kg−1·day−1) protein intake during a 10-week resistance training intervention, combined with blood and muscle sampling, on neurocognitive function and circulating myokines (e.g., cathepsin B [CTSB] and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) in 40 adults (age = 50.0 ± 7.3 years). A muscle biopsy was collected from the vastus lateralis to measure CTSB mRNA. Performance during the spatial reconstruction and Flanker tasks were utilized to assess relational memory and executive function. N2 and P3 event-related potentials (ERPs) were assessed during the Flanker task to index neuroelectric function. While differing protein intake did not impact outcomes, there were increases in muscle CTSB mRNA expression and plasma BDNF concentrations from resistance training, independent of protein intake. Increased BDNF was associated with decreased reaction time (congruent: β =  − 0.38, p = 0.026; incongruent: β =  − 0.38, p = 0.024) and congruent N2 fractional peak latency (FPL) (β =  − 0.52, p = 0.016) during the Flanker task, while increased plasma CTSB was associated with faster incongruent P3 FPL (β =  − 0.42, p = 0.036). Although there was no significant effect of protein group, increases in circulating myokines showed improvement in executive function and information processing speed. (NCT03029975; January 1, 2017).

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Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. The sponsor was only involved in financial support of the project, and was not involved in the design, data collection, and analysis, nor interpretation and dissemination of this report.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Freer Hall, 906 S Goodwin Ave, Rm 316, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Jeongwoon Kim, Andrew T. Askow, Amadeo F. Salvador, Scott A. Paluska, Steven J. Petruzzello, Nicholas A. Burd & Naiman A. Khan

  2. Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Colleen F. McKenna, Susannah E. Scaroni, Nicholas A. Burd & Naiman A. Khan

  3. Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Jonathan Cerna, Corinne N. Cannavale & Naiman A. Khan

  4. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Michael De Lisio

  5. Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Naiman A. Khan

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  1. Jeongwoon Kim
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  2. Colleen F. McKenna
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Contributions

M.D.L., S.J.P., N.A.B., and N.A.K. conceived and planned the experiments. C.F.M., A.T.A., A.F.S., S.E.S., S.A.P., J.C., C.N.C., and N.A.B. performed the experiments. J.K., J.C., C.N.C., and N.A.K. analyzed the results. J.K. and N.A.K. interpreted the results of experiments and drafted the manuscript. J.K., C.F.M., A.T.A., A.F.S., S.E.S., J.C., C.N.C., S.A.P., M.D.L., S.J.P., N.A.B., and N.A.K. edited and revised the manuscript. J.K., C.F.M., A.T.A., A.F.S., S.E.S., J.C., C.N.C., S.A.P., M.D.L., S.J.P., N.A.B., and N.A.K. approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Naiman A. Khan.

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Conflict of Interest

In addition to grant support, Dr. Michael De Lisio, Dr. Nicholas Burd, and Dr. Naiman Khan have received honorarium support from the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the contents of this article.

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Kim, J., McKenna, C.F., Askow, A.T. et al. Higher Protein Intake does not Modulate Resistance Training–Induced Changes in Myokines and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged Adults. J Cogn Enhanc 8, 76–94 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-024-00285-2

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