Arbeitsintensität: Ein Überblick zu Zusammenhängen mit Beanspruchungsfolgen und Gestaltungsempfehlungen

Zusammenfassung

Arbeitsintensität gilt als einer der zentralen Belastungsfaktoren der modernen Arbeitswelt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von quantitativen Arbeitsanforderungen (Arbeitsmenge und -zeit/-tempo) und qualitativen Arbeitsanforderungen (Komplexität und Qualität) auf verschiedene Beanspruchungsfolgen, wie Gesundheit, Leistung, Beschwerden und Motivation metaanalytisch untersucht. Weiterhin erfolgte auf Basis der ausgewerteten Literatur die Aufarbeitung von Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung von Arbeitsintensität. Dazu wurden 294 deutsch- und englischsprachige Studien zum Thema Arbeitsintensität betrachtet, wobei sich die vorliegende Arbeit an einer Definition von Arbeitsintensität nach Trägner (2006) orientiert. Die systematische Literaturrecherche beschränkt sich auf die letzten zehn Jahre und fokussiert auf Dienstleistungstätigkeiten. Die gefundenen Zusammenhänge von quantitativen Anforderungen und den untersuchten Beanspruchungsfolgen weisen auf überwiegend kleine bis mittlere Effekte hin. Die Effekte in Querschnittsstudien sind jedoch stärker ausgeprägt als in Längsschnittstudien. Die starke Heterogenität der Studienergebnisse muss berücksichtigt und diskutiert werden. Die aus den Studien abgeleiteten Gestaltungsempfehlungen werden nach bedingungs- und personenbezogenen Ansätzen gegliedert. Es finden sich überwiegend Empfehlungen zur indirekten Gestaltung von Arbeitsintensität. Hierbei ist insbesondere der Ausbau von Ressourcen zentral, wie zum Beispiel eine Erhöhung des Handlungsspielraums oder die Verbesserung des Verhaltens im Umgang mit hoher Arbeitsintensität.

Abstract

Work intensity is an essential determinant of stress in modern working environment. In this study the association of quantitative demands (amount of work and pace of work) as well as qualitative demands (complexity and quality) and several outcomes like health, performance, health complaints and motivation was examined. Additionally, recommendations for work design were derived. A systematic literature analysis was conducted in several databases which led to the inclusion of 294 studies. In doing so, the study is based on a definition of work intensity by Trägner (2006). The systematic literature analysis includes only studies that have been published in the last ten years. A further criterion for inclusion was that studies focus on samples of service and knowledge work. The associations of quantitative demands and the studied outcomes indicate small- to medium-sized effects. However, the effects in cross-sectional studies are stronger than in longitudinal studies. Furthermore, the strong heterogeneity of the study results must be considered and discussed. The recommendations for work design are categorized according to condition-related and person-related approaches. Predominantly, there are recommendations for the indirect design of work intensity. This focuses mainly on the expansion of resources, such as increasing decision latitude or improving behavior in dealing with high working intensity.

Anhang

1.1 Suchstring

1.1.1 EBSCO

(“being under pressure” OR “fluctuating workload*“ OR “forced pacing” OR “hectic work“ OR ”job demand*“ OR ”mental demand*“ OR “speed of work” OR “temporal demand*” OR “time demand*” OR “time pressure” OR “time strain” OR “too much work” OR “quantitative demand*” OR “quality demand*” OR “qualitative workload” OR “quantitative workload” OR “work complexity” OR “work demand*” OR “work intensity” OR “work intensification” OR “work overload” OR “work pace” OR “work pressure” OR “work quantity” OR “work speed” OR “mental workload” OR (MM “work load”) OR “labo#r intensity”)

AND

“mental health” OR “well being” OR “job satisfaction” OR “work satisfaction” OR “exhaus-tion” OR “need for recovery” OR “activation” OR “executive function*” OR “social functioning” OR “monotony” OR “strain” OR “fatigue” OR “satiation” OR “effort” OR “stress reactions” OR “depression” OR “depressive disorder” OR “major depression” OR “depressive symptoms” OR “affective disorders” OR “affective symptoms” OR “mood disorders” OR “mental disorders” OR “mental illness” OR “psychiatric disorder” OR “distress” OR “panic” OR “anxiety” OR “burnout” OR “stress-related disorders” OR “job performance” OR “task performance” OR “error” OR “failure” OR “employee efficiency” OR “employee productivity” OR “chronic disease” OR “sleep disorders” OR “chronic pain” OR “abdominal pain” OR “gastrointestinal disorders” OR “hearing loss” OR “irritable bowel syndrome” OR “somatoform disorders” OR “tinnitus” OR “workability” OR “work ability” OR “motivation” OR “commitment” OR “turnover intentions” OR (DE “employee turnover”) OR “musculoskeletal disorders” OR “musculoskeletal pain” OR “Muscular Diseases” OR “cumulative trauma disorders” OR “cumulative trauma disorder” OR “musculoskeletal system” OR “fibromyalgia”

AND

(work* OR occupation* OR job OR employ*)

AND

((LA German OR LA English) NOT (PO Animals))

1.1.2 PubMed

(“being under pressure”[All Fields] OR fluctuating workload* OR “forced pacing”[All Fields] OR “hectic work”[All Fields] OR job demand* OR mental demand* OR “speed of work”[All Fields] OR temporal demand* OR time demand* OR “time pressure”[All Fields] OR “time strain”[All Fields] OR “too much work”[All Fields] OR quantitative demand* OR quality demand* OR “qualitative workload”[All Fields] OR “quantitative workload”[All Fields] OR “work complexity”[All Fields] OR work demand* OR “work intensity”[All Fields] OR “work intensification”[All Fields] OR “work overload”[All Fields] OR “work pace”[All Fields] OR “work pressure”[All Fields] OR “work quantity”[All Fields] OR “work speed”[All Fields] OR “mental workload” OR “workload”[majr] OR “labour intensity”[All Fields] OR “labor intensity”[All Fields])

AND

“mental health”[All Fields] OR “well being”[All Fields] OR “job satisfaction”[All Fields] OR “work satisfaction”[All Fields] OR “exhaustion”[All Fields] OR “need for recovery”[All Fields] OR “activation”[All Fields] OR executive function* OR “social functioning”[All Fields] OR “monotony”[All Fields] OR “strain”[All Fields] OR “fatigue”[All Fields] OR “Satiation”[Mesh] OR “Satiation”[All Fields] OR “effort”[All Fields] OR “stress reactions”[All Fields] OR “depression”[All Fields] OR “depressive disorder”[All Fields] OR “Depressive Disorder, Major”[Mesh] OR “depressive symptoms”[All Fields] OR “affective disorders”[All Fields] OR “affective symptoms”[All Fields] OR “Mood Disorders”[Mesh] OR “Mental Disorders”[Mesh] OR “mental illness”[All Fields] OR “psychiatric disorder”[All Fields] OR “distress”[All Fields] OR “panic”[All Fields] OR “anxiety”[All Fields] OR “burnout”[All Fields] OR “stress-related disorders”[All Fields] OR “stress disorders”[All Fields] OR “job performance”[All Fields] OR “task performance”[All Fields] OR “error”[All Fields] OR “failure”[All Fields] OR “employee efficiency”[All Fields] OR “employee productivity”[All Fields] OR “Chronic Disease”[Mesh] OR “Sleep Disorders”[Mesh] OR “sleep disorders”[All Fields] OR “chronic pain”[All Fields] OR “abdominal pain”[All Fields] OR “gastrointestinal disorders”[All Fields] OR “hearing loss”[All Fields] OR “irritable bowel syndrome”[All Fields] OR “skin symptoms”[All Fields] OR “somatoform disorders”[All Fields] OR “tinnitus”[All Fields] OR “workability”[All Fields] OR “work ability”[All Fields] OR “motivation”[All Fields] OR “Motivation”[Mesh] OR “commitment”[All Fields] OR “turnover intentions”[All Fields] OR “musculoskeletal disorders”[All Fields] OR “Muscular Diseases”[Mesh] OR “musculoskeletal pain”[All Fields] OR “Cumulative Trauma Disorders”[Mesh] OR “cumulative trauma disorder”[All Fields] OR “fibromyalgia”[All Fields] OR “musculoskeletal system”[All Fields] OR “tennis elbow”[All Fields]

AND

(work* OR occupation* OR job OR employ*)

AND

(((“english”[Language] OR “german”[Language]) NOT (“animals”[MeSH Terms:noexp] NOT “humans”[MeSH Terms])))