Abstract
Asa River is of strategic importance to the citizens of Ilorin, Nigeria, because it meets the basic water needs of the community and its surroundings. The river is however polluted and requires some form of treatment before it can be used. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a Luffa cylindrica biomass packed bed for the remediation of color and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the pH regulation of Asa river water. The fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). FTIR modification only led to slight changes in the functional groups of the fibers. EDS revealed some changes in the fiber composition due to NaOH modification. The inorganics present were all less than 5% (except for calcium in the modified fibers). SEM revealed a very plain surface of the fibers. The color was reduced from 9.88 to 4.7 TCU and 4.37 TCU for the unmodified and modified fibers respectively after 2 h. Both fiber types were able to effectively regulate the pH to the acceptable 6.5–8.5 threshold after 2 h. The BOD was reduced from 3.7 to 2.8 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L for the unmodified and modified fibers respectively after 2 h. Both color and pH were reduced below WHO permissible limit by the current set-up. Fiber modification improved the packed bed performance for color and BOD reduction.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs41101-021-00120-1/MediaObjects/41101_2021_120_Fig8_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adekola FA, Eletta OAA (2007) A study of heavy metal pollution of Asa River, Ilorin. Nigeria; trace metal monitoring and geochemistry. Environ Monit Assess 125(1–3):157–163
Kolawole OM, Ajayi KT, Olayemi AB, Okoh AI (2011) Assessment of water quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and its indigenous Clarias gariepinus fish. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(11):4332–4352
Adeniran KA, Adelodun B, Ogunshina M (2016) Artificial neural network modelling of biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen of rivers: case study of Asa River Kamoru. Environ Res Eng Manag 72(3):59–74
Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Ighalo JO, Odey G, Ibrahim RG, Kareem YF, Bakare HO, Tiamiyu AO, Ajibade TF, Abdulkadir TS, Adeniran KA, Choi KS (2021) Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: a review. Environmental Research 192:110309
Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Adeniran JA, Ogunniyi S (2020) A systematic literature analysis of the nature and regional distribution of water pollution sources in Nigeria. J Clean Prod 283:124566
Dizge N, Tansel B, Sizirici B (2011) Process intensification with a hybrid system: a tubular packed bed bioreactor with immobilized activated sludge culture coupled with membrane filtration. Chem Eng Process 50:766–772
Ghasemi M, Keshtkar AR, Dabbagh R, Safdari SJ (2011) Biosorption of uranium in a continuous flow packed bed column using cystoseira indica biomass. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 8(1):65–74
Rahmah AU, Abdullah MA (2011) Evaluation of Malaysian Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. for oily water filtration using factorial design. Desalination 266:51–55
Simate GS, Ndlovu S (2015) The removal of heavy metals in a packed bed column using immobilized cassava peel waste biomass. J Ind Eng Chem 21:635–643
Sooksawat N, Meetam M, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Inthorn D (2017) Performance of packed bed column using Chara aculeolata biomass for removal of Pb and Cd ions from wastewater. J Environ Sci Health A 52(6):539–546
Srinivasan A, Viraraghavan T, Ng K (2012) Coalescence/filtration of an oil-in-water emulsion in an immobilized Mucor rouxii biomass bed. Sep Sci Technol 47(16):2241–2249
Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Oke EO, Adewiye LT, Motolani FO (2020) Evaluation of Luffa cylindrica fibers in a biomass packed bed for the treatment of paint industry effluent before environmental release. Eur J Sustain Dev Res 4(4)
Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Eletta AAO, Ojetimi NI, Ajala OJ (2020) Evaluation of Luffa cylindrica fibers in a biomass packed bed for the treatment of fish pond effluent before environmental release. Sustain Water Resour Manag 6(6)
Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA (2021) A review on Luffa fibres and their polymer composites. Journal of Material Science 56(4):2797–2813
Ighalo JO, Eletta AAO (2020) Response surface modelling of the biosorption of Zn(II) and Pb(II) onto Micropogonias undulates scales: Box-Behnken experimental approach. Appl Water Sci 10(8):197–209
Ighalo JO, Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA (2020) An empirical review of the recent advances in treatment of natural fibers for reinforced plastic composites. Compos Interfaces 28(9):925–960
Adeniyi AG, Adeoye SA, Ighalo JO (2020) Sansevieria trifasciata fiber and composites: a review of recent developments. Int Polym Proc 35(4):344–354
Adeniyi AG, Onifade DV, Ighalo JO, Adeoye AS (2019) A review of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos B Eng 176:107305
Bakri MKB, Jayamani E (2016) Comparative study of functional groups in natural fibers: Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). Futuristic Trends Eng, Sci, Humanities, Technol FTESHT-16 167
Mothé C, de Miranda I (2009) Characterization of sugarcane and coconut fibers by thermal analysis and FTIR. J Therm Anal Calorim 97(2):661–665
Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO, Onifade DV (2020) Biochar from the Thermochemical conversion of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and albedo: product quality and potential applications. Chemistry Africa 3(2):439–448
Collins TJ (2007) ImageJ for microscopy. Biotechniques 43(S1):S25–S30
Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG, Igwegbe CA (2021) 3D reconstruction and morphological analysis of electrostimulated hyperthermophile biofilms of Thermotoga neapolitana. Biotech Lett 43(7):1303–1309
Adeniyi AG, Ighalo JO, Onifade DV (2019) Production of biochar from elephant grass (Pernisetum purpureum) using an updraft biomass gasifier with retort heating. Biofuels 1–8
WHO (2003) Background document for preparation of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva
Boyd CE, Tucker CS, Viriyatum R (2011) Interpretation of pH, acidity, and alkalinity in aquaculture and fisheries. N Am J Aquac 73(4):403–408
Kamaruddin MA, Ibrahim MH, Thung LM, Emmanuel MI, Niza NM, Shadi AMH, Norashiddin FA (2019) Sustainable synthesis of pectinolytic enzymes from citrus and Musa acuminata peels for biochemical oxygen demand and grease removal by batch protocol. Appl Water Sci 9(4):68
Ighalo JO, Adeniyi AG (2020) A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria. Chemosphere 260:127569
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
This article does not contain any studies involving human or animal subjects.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ighalo, J.O., Eletta, O.A.A., Adeniyi, A.G. et al. Regulation of Color, pH, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Asa River Water Using a Luffa cylindrica Biomass Packed Bed. Water Conserv Sci Eng 6, 275–283 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-021-00120-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-021-00120-1