Abstract
This experimental study investigates the effects of TiO2 nano-particles on the cooling and tribological performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system running on R134a as refrigerant and polyolester oil (POE) as lubricant. Dynamic light scattering analysis was conducted to observe the dispersion of the nano-particles. The heat transfer rate in the evaporator and condenser was taken into consideration to observe the cooling performance of the system charged with combination of 0.1 vol% and 0.5 vol% TiO2 incorporated nano-refrigerants (R0.1 & R0.5) and 0.1 vol% and 0.5 vol% TiO2 incorporated POE nano-lubricants (P0.1 & P0.5). Coefficient of friction and wear rate analyses were also performed on the piston ring of the compressor by immersing the samples in two different lubricants (P0.1 & P0.5). The compressor’s suction-discharge characteristics were assessed to determine the impact of the nano-fluid combinations. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology of the nano-particles and worn surfaces. Atomic force microscopy was utilized to observe the structure of the worn substrates. The chemical composition of the worn surfaces was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray and the thermal stability of the nano-additives was ascertained via thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter. The best cooling and tribological performance results were obtained when the system was run on a combination of R0.5 + P0.1. Compared to standard conditions (R134a + POE), the highest increase in COP was 35.86% for R0.5 + P0.1. With the same combination, the cooling time was reduced by 22.25% and the highest decrease in the average coefficient of friction was 8.02% for 0.1 vol% of TiO2 incorporated POE lubricant (P0.1).
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Abbreviations
- POE:
-
Polyolester oil
- COP:
-
Coefficient of performance
- CW:
-
Compressor work
- SDBS:
-
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
- CFD:
-
Computational fluid dynamics
- VCRS:
-
Vapor compression refrigeration system
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- EDX:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray
- DSC:
-
Differential scanning calorimeter
- TGA:
-
Thermo-gravimetric analysis
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- ξmax :
-
Maximum of the measured parameter
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- FCCD:
-
Face-centered central composite design
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- q:
-
Heat release rate (kW)
- Re:
-
Reynold’s number
- r:
-
Distance between point of observation and particle (m)
- m:
-
Mass (g)
- c:
-
Specific heat capacity (J/kg °C)
- K:
-
Energy meter constant (impulse/kWh)
- t:
-
Time lapse (h)
- T:
-
Temperature (°C)
- A:
-
Trace area (mm2)
- L:
-
Distance covered by the scratcher (mm)
- Pe:
-
Peclet number
- P0.1, P0.5:
-
0.1 Vol% TiO2 nano-particle incorporated lubricant, 0.5 vol% TiO2 nano-particle incorporated lubricant
- Pr:
-
Prandtl number
- D:
-
Diameter (m)
- u:
-
Velocity (m/s)
- Nu:
-
Nusselt number
- F:
-
Normal load (N)
- h:
-
Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
- V:
-
Volume (m3)
- Q:
-
Heat flux (W/m2)
- k:
-
Thermal conductivity (W/mK)
- D:
-
Diameter (m)
- u:
-
Velocity (m/s)
- R0.1, R0.5:
-
0.1 Vol% TiO2 nano-particle incorporated refrigerant, 0.5 vol% TiO2 nano-particle incorporated refrigerant
- µa :
-
Average coefficient of friction
- ψ:
-
Wear rate (mm3/Nm)
- Γ:
-
Dispersed light intensity (cd)
- Λ:
-
Light wavelength (m)
- Φ:
-
Medium refractive index ratio
- β:
-
Angle between the directions of the incident and the scattered lights (°)
- Ȥ:
-
Zeta potential (mV)
- σ:
-
Standard deviation
- ρ:
-
Density (kg/m3)
- υ:
-
Electrophoretic mobility (μm.cm/Vs)
- η:
-
Liquid viscosity (Pa.s)
- ε:
-
Dielectric constant
- ε0 :
-
Permittivity of free space (F/m)
- ξmax :
-
Maximum of the measured parameter
- Ʃ:
-
Percentage error
- ℓ:
-
Measurement range
- τ:
-
Sphericity
- α:
-
Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Cukurova University, Department of Physics and Cukurova University, Central Research Laboratory for their technical support.
Funding
This study was fiscally supported by Cukurova University, Scientific Research Projects (Grant number: FBA-2021-14009).
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Yilmaz, A.C., Cosgun, A. Cooling and Tribological Performance Analyses of a Refrigeration System Using Nano-Fluids as Refrigerant and Lubricant. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Mech Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-024-00762-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-024-00762-1