Abstract
The overall objective of the current study is to evaluate the effect of nanomaterial injecting on the geotechnical properties of granular soils. In this laboratory study, using a injecting method to improve the geotechnical properties of granular soils, cement (C), selected as the main material for mortar grouting, was injected into a soil of poorly granulated grains with relative densities (Dr) of 30% and 70%, along with the following materials: nano-silica (NS) and nano-aluminum oxide (NA) with values of 0.9%, 0.6%, and 0.3%; silica fume (SF), 5% by weight of the cement; and water-to-solid ratios (w/s) of 1, 1.4, and 1.8. Experiments testing the uniaxial strength of the mortar, sedimentation, viscosity, permeability, and unconfined compressive strength were performed on the samples. The results indicated that in both relative densities, the use of nanomaterials increased the compressive strength and decreased the permeability of the samples. The effect of silica fume on reducing permeability was also found to be significant. Addition of nanomaterials to cement reduced the sedimentation rate and the setting time of primary and secondary mortar and had a positive effect on increasing the uniaxial strength and viscosity of mortar.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbulut S (1999) The improvement of geotechnical properties in granular soils by grouting. Ph.D. Dissertation, the Institute of the Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Akbulut S, Saglamer A (2002) Estimating the groutability of granular soils: a new approach. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 17(4):371–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00040-8
ASTM C191–19 (2019) Standard test methods for time of setting of hydraulic cement by Vicat needle. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0191-19
ASTM C939 (2016) Standard test method for flow of grout for preplaced-aggregate concrete (flow cone method). ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0939_C0939M-16A
ASTM C940–16 (2016) Standard test method for expansion and bleeding of freshly mixed grouts for preplaced-aggregate concrete in the laboratory. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0940-16
ASTM D2166 (2016) Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2166_D2166M-16
ASTM D2434-19 (2019) Standard test method for permeability of granular soils (constant head). ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2434-19
ASTM D2487-11 (2011) Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-11
ASTM D4253–14 (2014) Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a vibratory table. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D4253-14
ASTM D4254–14 (2014) Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and calculation of relative density. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D4254-14
ASTM D854-14 (2014) Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0854-14
Avci E, Mollamahmutoglu M (2016) UCS properties of superfine cement-grouted sand. J Mater Civ Eng 28(12):06016015. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001659
Bahari M, Nikookar M, Arabani M, Haghi AK, Khodabandeh H (2013) Stabilization of silt by nanoclay. In: Proceedings of 7th National Congress on Civil Engineering, pp 7–8
Bahmani SH, Farzadnia N, Asadi A, Huat BBK (2016) The effect of size and replacement content of nanosilica on strength development of cement treated residual soil. Constr Build Mater 118:294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.075
Çelik S (2017) An experimental investigation of utilizing waste Red Mud in soil grouting. KSCE J Civ Eng 21:1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0774-0
Çelik S, Majedi P, Akbulut S (2019) Granular soil improvement by using polyester grouts. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 43:599–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0203-3
Changizi F, Haddad A (2015) Strength properties of soft clay treated with mixture of nano-SiO2 and recycled polyester fiber. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 7(4):367–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.03.013
Cheng MY, Hoang ND (2014) A novel groutability estimation model for ground improvement projects in sandy silt soil based on Bayesian framework. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 43:453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.07.001
Delfosse-Ribay E, Djeran-Maigre I, Gouvenot RD (2004) Shear modulus and damping ratio of grouted sand. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:461–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.02.004
Gleize PJP, Müller A, Roman HR (2003) Microstructural investigation of a silica fume-cement-lime mortar. Cem Concr Compos 25(2):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00006-9
Haeri SM, Valishzadeh A (2021) Evaluation of using different nanomaterials to stabilize the collapsible loessial soil. Int J Civ Eng 19:583–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00583-8
Heidarzadeh M, Mirghasemi AA, Sadr-Lahijani SM, Eslamian F (2013) Application of cement grouting for stabilization of coarse materials. Int J Civ Eng 1:71–77
Johari A, Golkarfard H, Davoudi F, Fazeli A (2021a) predictive model based on the experimental investigation of collapsible soil treatment using nano-clay in the Sivand Dam region. Iran Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:6725–6748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02360-w
Johari A, Golkarfard H, Davoudi F, Fazeli A (2021b) Experimental investigation of collapsible soils treatment using nano-silica in the Sivand Dam Region, Iran. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00675-y
Kalhor A, Ghazavi M, Roustaei M, Mirhosseini SM (2019) Influence of nano-SiO2 on geotechnical properties of fine soils subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Reg Sci Technol 161:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.03.011
Kalkan E, Akbulut S (2004) The positive effects of silica fume on the permeability, swelling, pressure and compressive strength of natural clay liners. Eng Geol 73(1):145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.01.001
Krishnan J, Sharma P, Shukla S (2021) Experimental investigations on the mechanical properties of sand stabilized with colloidal silica. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00616-9
Li P, Zhang QS, Li SC, Zhang X (2019) Time-dependent empirical model for fracture propagation in soil grouting. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol 94:103–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103130
Majeed ZH, Taha MR (2012) Effect of nanomaterial treatment on geotechnical properties of a Penang soft soil. J Asian Sci Res 2(11):587
Markou IN, Droudakis AI (2013) Factors affecting engineering properties of microfine cement grouted sands. Geotech Geol Eng 31(4):1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9631-9
Markou IN, Christodoulou DN, Papadopoulos BK (2015) Penetrability of microfine cement grouts: experimental investigation and fuzzy regression modeling. Can Geotech J 52(7):868–882. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0297
Mollamahmutoglu M, Avci E (2015) Effectiveness of microfine Portland cement grouting on the strength and permeability of medium to fine sands. Period Polytechn Civ Eng 59(3):319–326. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.7674
Mollamahmutoglu M, Yilmaz Y (2011) Engineering properties of medium-to-fine sands injected with microfine cement grout. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 29(2):95–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2010.517715
Mutman U, Kavak A (2011) Improvement of granular soils by low pressure grouting. Int J Phys Sci 6(17):4311–4322. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.429
Oltulu M, Şahin R (2014) Pore structure analysis of hardened cement mortars containing silica. Constr Build Mater 53:658–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.105
Pantazopoulos IA, Markou IN, Christodoulou DN, Droudakis AI, Atmatzidis DK, Antiohos SK, Chaniotakis E (2012) Development of microfine cement grouts by pulverizing ordinary cements. Cement Concr Compos 34(5):593–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.009
Rajabi AM, Ardakani SB, Abdollahi AH (2021) The effect of nano-iron oxide on the strength and consolidation parameters of a clay soil: an experimental study. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00640-9
Sadrjamali M, Athar SM, Negahdar, (2015) Modifying soil shear strength parameters using additives in laboratory condition. Curr World Environ 10(1):120–130. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.Special-Issue1.17
Saffari R, Habibagahi G, Nikooee E et al (2017) Biological stabilization of a swelling fine-grained soil: the role of microstructural changes in the shear behavior. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 41:405–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-017-0066-z
Schwarz L, Krizek R (1994) Effect of preparation technique on permeability and strength of cement grouted sand. Geotech Test J 17:434–443. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10304J
Soltani-Jigheh H, Ghorbani M, Pazhouhandeh M (2020) Bacterial treatment of remoulded fine-grained cohesive soils. Int J Civ Eng 18:463–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00489-0
Sonebi M, Hughes D, Harley R, Lynch K (2012) Characterization of the performance of sustainable grout containing bentonite for geotechnical application. In: The international conference on Sustainable Built Environment for Now and the Future. Hanoi.
Taha MR (2018) Recent developments in nanomaterials for geotechnical and geo environmental engineering. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 02004 pp
Taha MR, Taha OME (2012) Influence of nano-material on the expansive and shrinkage soil behavior. J Nanopart Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1190-0
Tajdini M, Nabizadeh A, Taherkhani H (2017) Effect of added waste rubber on the properties and failure mode of kaolinite clay. Int J Civ Eng 15:949–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0057-7
Wang Y, Xing S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Ma Y, Zhang Z (2015) Mineralogical and thermal characteristics of low-grade Jinlong bauxite sourced from Guangxi Province, China. J Therm Anal Calorim 122(2):917–927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4742-6
Wu Y, Shi K, Han Y et al (2021) Experimental study on strength characteristics of expansive soil improved by steel slag powder and cement under dry-wet cycles. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 45:941–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00473-y
Yildiz M, Soganci AS (2015) Improvement of the strength of soils which comprises granular pumice by injection of cement under low pressure. Sci Iran Trans A Civ Eng 22(1):81
Zhang MH, Islam J (2012) Use of nano-silica to reduce setting time and increase early strength of concretes with high volumes of fly ash or slag. Constr Build Mater 29:573–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.013
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Payam Majedi and Dr. Siyab Houshmandi Khangahi for their scientific contributions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jafarian Barough, M., Çelik, S. & Oltulu, M. Investigation into the Effect of Nanomaterial Injection on Improving the Geotechnical Properties of Granular Soils. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 46, 3163–3179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00785-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00785-7