Abstract
Constant generation of industrial waste has taken a massive toll on the environment, and therefore, many researchers are continuously looking for ways to utilize these by-products effectively to mitigate the problems associated with it. Moreover, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission has also increased dramatically due to the massive generation of cement, creating a serious threat to the environment. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been introduced as a better alternative to replace Ordinary Portland Cement-based concrete. The introduction of a new geopolymer material that can replace the traditional cement plug for upstream carbon capture and sequestration is the unique aspect of this research. Research findings reveal that as compared to conventional concrete, GPC exhibits excellent durability, higher compressive and flexural strength, faster setting time, low CO2 emission and high temperature resistance, etc. This paper presents a comprehensive review of geo-engineering properties and microstructural behaviour of geopolymer concrete and mortar. Physical properties, chemical compositions, mechanical properties and microstructural changes of both the geopolymer concrete and mortar have been peer reviewed, with a focus on compressive strength, setting time, water absorption, durability, permeability and leaching of heavy metals. It has also been discussed how different chemical admixtures such as calcium sucrose, glucose, acetic acid solution, sodium sulphate and sodium hydroxide affect its characteristics. The effect of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), and calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) phase matrix in geopolymer concrete and mortar has been discussed. Moreover, GPC with various secondary industrial waste materials with its prospective applications in the building industry, has been briefly addressed.
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Data Availability
The data or research articles used to support the findings of the study are included in this review article.
Abbreviations
- AAS:
-
Alkali activator solution
- Al2O3 :
-
Aluminium oxide
- BDL:
-
Below detection level
- CaCO3 :
-
Calcium carbonate
- CaO:
-
Calcium oxide
- CLS/GB:
-
Catalytic liquid system to geopolymer binder ratio
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- CP:
-
Container glass
- FA:
-
Fly ash
- Fe2O3 :
-
Ferric oxide
- GGBS/GBFS:
-
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
- GLSS:
-
Granulated lead smelter
- GPC:
-
Geopolymer Concrete
- GRAC:
-
Geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete
- ITZ:
-
Interfacial transition zone
- MIP:
-
Mercury intrusion porosimetry
- MPCM:
-
Micro-encapsulated phase change materials
- Na2SiO3 :
-
Sodium silicate
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- NASH:
-
Sodium alumino-sulphate hydrate
- NS:
-
Nano-silica
- OPC:
-
Ordinary Portland cement
- PC:
-
Precast concrete
- PCC:
-
Portland cement concrete
- POFA:
-
Palm oil fuel ash
- RA:
-
Recycled aggregate
- RCA:
-
Recycled concrete aggregate
- RFFG:
-
Red mud-class F fly ash-based geopolymers
- RHA:
-
Rice husk ash
- RM:
-
Red mud
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- SF:
-
Silica Fume
- Si/Al:
-
Silicon/Aluminium
- SiO2 :
-
Silicate oxide
- SS/SH:
-
Sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide
- w/b:
-
Water/binder
- W/GPS:
-
Water to geopolymer ratio
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
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Tushar, D., Das, D., Pani, A. et al. Geo-Engineering and Microstructural Properties of Geopolymer Concrete and Motar: A Review. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 46, 2713–2737 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00756-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00756-y