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Review of additive manufacturing with 2D MXene: techniques, applications, and future perspectives

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Abstract

As a new generation of 2D nano-material family, transition metal carbonitride, also referred to as MXene, exhibits wide variety of outstanding properties including electrochemical, optical, and biocompatibility. These allow MXene to be used for applications such as energy storage, wireless communication, optoelectronics, and tissue scaffolds. The negative surface zeta potential and hydrophilicity of MXene make it easily dispersible in many aqueous mediums, and the colloidal solution can be tuned over a large viscosity range due to MXene’s clay-like behavior. These unique properties enabled MXene as a versatile material for additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to pattern MXene from raw material to devices. The freedom of AM has enabled tools and performances for applications that is otherwise not possible via traditional bottom-up fabrication technique. Ever since the first printing of MXene in 2018, innovative printing techniques and applications are being demonstrated each year. The objective of this review article is to summarize the key breakthrough in these fields, and to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art progress in terms of material development, AM techniques, and respective applications.

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Fig. 1
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Reproduced with permission from: Ref. [8] Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [183]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [186]. Copyright 2013 Wiley–Vch Verlag GmbH. b Optical image of DIW printable MXene ink showing the highly viscous nature. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [182]. Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. c Interplay of rheological properties in DIW. Initial screening: continuous fiber formation is desired to form stable layer. Rheological evaluation: (a) yield stress allows for smooth flow initiation, (b) shear thinning promotes smooth extrusion, (c) recovery of ink after printing to hold its structure and sustain restacking of layers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [187]. Copyright N. Paxton 2017. d Top: illustrating the yield point as the limit of the linear viscoelastic range, and the flow point. Bottom: Elastic recovery test representing idealized ink behavior, where G' (blue) and G" (red) are measured under low deformation (white time interval) and high deformation (gray time interval). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [186]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. e Ink can also be extruded into liquid medium for additional support or shape formation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [188]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V

Fig. 8

Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. c Nitrogen functionalized MXene ink at 15 mgmL−1 with CNT, GO and AC as viscosity modifier. The doped nitrogen alleviated the problem of MXene flake restacking. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [197]. Copyright 1999–2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. d SAP beads can be added to MXene dispersion to form uniformly concentrated MXene ink at ultra-high concentration of 290 mgmL−1, enabling room temperature printing of 3D MXene structure. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [189]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. e Left: Schematics of MXene/CNF hybrid dispersion ink. Right: CNF improved mechanical properties of MXene, allowing the composite film to be folded into a paper airplane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [198]. Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. f Illustration of MXene as rheology modifier to improve viscosity of PEDOT:PSS gel through hydrogen bonding between OH termination group and PSS backchain. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [199]. Copyright 1999–2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [208]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. b Formation, spreading and drying of inkjet drop of colloidal suspensions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [209]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V. c Illustration of CJ formation by a continuously spinning peristaltic pump. d Optical image of a CJ of water column. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [208]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V

Fig. 11

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [217]. Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. c Viscosity of MXene ink with various aqueous medium. d NMP printed line and e Ethanol printed line displaying high accuracy. The distance between arrows in d) and e) are 50 and 130 μm respectively. f Effect of increasing print path from 1 to 5. g and h Effect of capacitance and sheet resistance change from increasing print path. i Stability of binder free MXene ink in various medium. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [190]. j Schematic of the 3D freeze printing process for fabrication of 3D MXene aerogels. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [206]. Copyright 1999–2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Fig. 12

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [1]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. c Schematic of the connection between printed MXene ECG electrode and acquisition system. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [219]. Copyright 2021 IOP Publishing. d Schematic of droplet wetting on textile. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [220]. Copyright 1999–2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. e 3D freeze printed MXene aerogels infiltrated in PDMS elastomer and f Corresponding resistance change by applying 10% tension. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [206]. Copyright 1999–2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Fig. 13

Copyright 2021 IOP Publishing

Fig. 14

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [227]. Copyright 2020 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 15

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [185]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society

Fig. 16

Reproduced from Ref [2]. with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. c Illustration of 3D screen printing procedure. Subsequent layers can be deposited on top of each other to form a 3D structure. d 3D screen printed tablets with varying structures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [228]. 2020 Elsevier B.V

Fig. 17

Reproduced from Ref [2]. with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. c Highly viscous MXene sediment ink immediately and after 30 min sitting on an inclined glass substrate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [229]. Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. d Measured live heartbeat with screen printed MXene sensor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [230]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. e Illustration of the orderly aligned MXene flakes after shear interaction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [176]. Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Fig. 18

Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society. d Illustration of the change in the meniscus of the fluid due to an increase in voltage potential between the nozzle tip and the substrate. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [234]. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 19

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24]. Copyright 1999–2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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Acknowledgements

Thankyou to the NSERC network for Holistic Innovation in Additive Manufacturing (HI-AM).

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  1. Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada

    Terek Li, Elahe Jabari & Hani E. Naguib

  2. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Rd, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada

    Kyra McLellan & Hani E. Naguib

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TL: writing of Sect. 1, 2, 3, and 7. Preparation, analysis, and compilation of all figures. Final editing. Revision. EJ: manuscript proposal. Writing of Sects. 4 and 5. Conceptualization and final editing. KM: writing of Sect. 6. HEN: conceptualization, final editing, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Hani E. Naguib.

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Li, T., Jabari, E., McLellan, K. et al. Review of additive manufacturing with 2D MXene: techniques, applications, and future perspectives. Prog Addit Manuf 8, 1587–1617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-023-00424-9

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