Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of groundwater quality of Prayagraj city using entropy water quality index (EWQI) and new integrated water quality index (IWQI)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sustainable Water Resources Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Information about groundwater quality and their suitability for drinking purpose is important for the society. Two indices namely entropy water quality index (EWQI) and new integrated water quality index (IWQI) have been used to assess the groundwater quality of Prayagraj city, India. The synthesis of outcomes is presented through geographical information system (GIS). Fifteen groundwater quality parameters namely pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride and iron were evaluated during pre- and post-monsoon season. It is revealed that the groundwater in the city is good and hard type with excess concentration of iron. On the basis of EWQI, groundwater is good and suitable for drinking purposes both in pre- and post-monsoon period. IWQI has resulted that during pre-monsoon water quality in 17% of the area is unsuitable for drinking with 25% area having poor water quality but during post-monsoon, the same area has been increased to 25% and 42%, respectively. About 50% of the area is categorised as marginal quality water during pre-monsoon but it is reduce to 33% during post-monsoon. Present study suggests the requirement for regular assessment of groundwater quality for its healthier utilization and management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

All relevant data and material are presented in the manuscript.

References

  • Adimalla N, Li P (2019) Occurrence, health risks, and geochemical mechanisms of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of the rock-dominant semi-arid region, Telangana State, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):81–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Venkatayogi S (2017) Mechanism of fluoride enrichment in groundwater of hard rock aquifers in Medak, Telangana State, South India. Environ Earth Sci 76(1):45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Venkatayogi S (2018) Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India. Appl Water Sci 8(1):44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Li P, Venkatayogi S (2018) Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and integrated interpretation with water quality index studies. Environ Process 5(2):363–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Dhakate R, Kasarla A, Taloor AK (2020a) Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Central Telangana, India. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adimalla N, Qian H, Li P (2020b) Entropy water quality index and probabilistic health risk assessment from geochemistry of groundwaters in hard rock terrain of Nanganur County South India. Geochemistry 80(4):125544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APHA (1999) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Association, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • AQUASTAT (2010) Water resources development and management service. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Aravinthasamy P, Karunanidhi D, Subramani T, Srinivasamoorthy K, Anand B (2019) Geochemical evaluation of fluoride contamination in groundwater from Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India: implication on human health. Environ Geochem Health 42(7):1937–1963

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayoob S, Gupta AK (2006) Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 36:433–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BIS (2012) Specification for drinking water. Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi, pp 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Water Commission (2020) Department of water resources, river development and Ganga rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India

  • CGWB (2014) Dynamic ground water resources of India (as on 31st March 2011). Central ground water board, ministry of water resources, river development &Ganga rejuvenation, Govt. of India

  • Davies PJ, Crosbie RS (2018) Mapping the spatial distribution of chloride deposition across Australia. J Hydrol 561:76–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (1996) ArcView spatial analyst. Advanced Spatial Analysis using Raster and Vector Data

  • Gao Y, Qian H, Ren W, Wang H, Liu F, Yang F (2020) Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater based on integrated-weight water quality index in a concentrated urban area. J Clean Prod 260:121006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman R (2019) Alkaline water: benefits and risks. https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/alkaline-water-benefits-risks.

  • Haritash AK, Karamveer M, Priyanka S, Singh SK (2017) Hydrochemical characterization and suitability assessment of groundwater in Baga-Calangute stretch of Goa, India. Environ Earth Sci 76(9):341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan MSU, Rai AK (2020) Groundwater quality assessment in the lower Ganga basin using entropy information theory and GIS. J Clean Prod 274:123077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam ARMT, Al MA, Rahman MM, Zahid A (2020) Simultaneous comparison of modified-integrated water quality and entropy weighted indices: implication for safe drinking water in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Ecol Indic 113:106229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur H, Garg P (2019) Urban sustainability assessment tools: a review. J Clean Prod 210:146–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kell DB (2010) Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples. Arch Toxicol 84:825–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar SK, Kumaran AL, Magesh NS, Godson PS, Chandrasekar N (2015) Hydro geochemistry and application of water quality index (WQI) for groundwater quality assessment, Anna Nagar, part of Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India. Appl Water Sci 5(4):335–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu N, Panigrahi MK, Tripathy S, Munshi S, Powell M, Hart B (2001) Geochemical appraisal of fluoride contamination of groundwater in the Nayagarh District of Orissa, Indian. Environ Geol 41(3–4):451–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Wu J, Tian R, He S, He X, Xue C, Zhang K (2018) Geochemistry, hydraulic connectivity and quality appraisal of multilayered groundwater in the Hongdunzi coal Mine, northwest China. Mine Water Environ 37(2):222–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Z, Li H, Ye Z, Wen J, Hu Y, Liu Y (2020) Application of modified water quality index (WQI) in the assessment of coastal water quality in main aquaculture areas of Dalian, China. Mar Pollut Bull 157:111285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machiwal D, Jha MK (2015) Identifying sources of groundwater contamination in ahard-rock aquifer system using multivariate statistical analyses and GIS-based geostatistical modeling techniques. J Hydrol: Reg Stud 4:80–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Marghade D (2020) Detailed geochemical assessment and indexing of shallow groundwater resources in metropolitan city of Nagpur (western Maharashtra, India) with potential health risk assessment of nitrate riched groundwater for sustainable development. Geochemistry 80(4):125627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, Jacobs JA, Sawant A (2019) Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecol Ind 101:348–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narsimha A, Venkatayogi S, Geeta S (2018) Hydrogeochemical data on groundwater quality with special emphasis on fluoride enrichment in Munneru river basin (MRB), Telangana State, South India. Data Brief 17:339–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NGWA (2016) Facts about global groundwater usage compiled by NGWA.

  • Pandey HK, Tiwari V, Kumar S, Yadav A, Shrivastav SK (2020) Groundwater quality assessment of Allahabad smart city using GIS and water quality index. Sustain Water Resours Manag. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00375-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao NS (2018) Groundwater quality from a part of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Appl Water Sci 8(1):30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao NS, Rao PS, Reddy GV, Nagamani M, Vidyasagar G, Satyanarayana NLVV (2012) Chemical characteristics of groundwater and assessment of groundwater quality in Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess 184(8):5189–5214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao NS, Marghade D, Dinakar A, Chandana I, Sunitha B, Ravindra B, Balaji T (2017a) Geochemical characteristics and controlling factors of chemical composition of groundwater in a part of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Earth Sci 76(21):747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao NS, Marghade D, Dinakar A, Chandana I, Sunitha B, And RB, Balaji T (2017b) Geochemical characteristics and controlling factors of chemical composition of groundwater in a part of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Earth Sci 76(21):747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao NS, Sunitha B, Rambabu R, Rao PVN, Rao PS, Spandana BD, Sravanthi M, Marghade D (2018) Quality and degree of pollution of groundwater, using PIG from a rural part of Telangana State, India. Appl Water Sci 8(8):227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat KS, Tripathi VK (2015) Hydro-chemical survey and quantifying spatial variations of groundwater quality in Dwarka, subcity of Delhi, India. J Inst Eng India Ser A 96(2):99–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei A, Hassani H (2018) Hydrogeochemistry study and groundwater quality assessment in the north of Isfahan, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 40(2):583–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei A, Hassani H, Tziritis E, Fard Mousavi SB, Jabbari N (2020) Hydrochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater quality in Dalgan basin, SE Iran. Groundw Sustain Dev 10(2):100353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadat-Noori SM, Ebrahimi K, Liaghat AM (2014) Groundwater quality assessment using the Water Quality Index and GIS in Saveh- Nobaran aquifer Iran. Environ Earth Sci 71(9):3827–3843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sajil KPJ (2017) Geostatistical modeling of fluoride enrichment and nitrate contamination in the groundwater of Lower Bhavani Basin in Tamil Nadu, India. Model Earth Syst Environ 3(1):1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Y, Oki T, Utsumi N, Kanae S, Hanasaki N (2008) Projection of future world water resources under SRES scenarios: water withdrawal. Hydrol Sci J 53:11–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. and Shrivastava RK (2011) Geology of Allahabad (India) and assessment of recharge for sustainability. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Indian Geotechnical Society, December 15–17,2011, Kochi (Paper No. R-014)

  • Singh S, Hussian A (2016) Water quality index development for groundwater quality assessment of Greater Noida sub-basin, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cogent Eng 3(1):1177155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sishodia RP, Shukla S, Graham WD, Wani SP, Garg KK (2016) Bi-decadal groundwater level trends in a semi-arid south Indian region: Declines, causes and management. J Hydrol: Reg Stud 8:43–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudhakar A, Narsimha A (2013) Suitability and assessment of groundwater for irrigation purpose: a case study of Kushaiguda area, Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Adv Appl Sci Res 4(6):75–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur JK, Diwakar J, Singh SK (2015) Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater of Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal. Environ Earth Sci 74(6):4973–4988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari A, Singh AK (2014) Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district, UttarPradesh. J Geol Soc India 83:329–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi VK, Rajput TBS, Patel N, Lata (2011) Hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system with municipal wastewater. J Agric Eng 48(2):15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuthill RW, Calabrese EJ (1981) Drinking water sodium and blood pressure in children: a second look. Am J Public Health 71:722–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma DK, Bhunia GS, Shit PK, Tiwari AK (2018) Assessment of groundwater quality of the central gangetic plain area of india using geospatial and WQI techniques. J Geol Soc India 92(6):743–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Wu J, Wang Y, Ji Y (2019) Finding high-quality groundwater resources to reduce the hydatidosis incidence in the Shiqu County of Sichuan Province, China: analysis assessment and management. Expo Health 12(2):307–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00314-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2011) World Health Organisation guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edn. Incorporating the First and Second Addenda, Geneva (vol. 1 Recommendation)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou H (2020) Groundwater chemistry and groundwater quality index incorporating health risk weighting in Dingbian County, Ordos basin of northwest China. Geochemistry 80(4):125607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Li P, Xue L, Dong Z, Li D (2020) Solute geochemistry and groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study in Xinle City, North China. Geochemistry 80(4):125609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125609

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Upma Gautam, Vivek Tiwari & Vinod Kumar Tripathi

Authors
  1. Upma Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vivek Tiwari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vinod Kumar Tripathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vinod Kumar Tripathi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gautam, U., Tiwari, V. & Tripathi, V.K. Evaluation of groundwater quality of Prayagraj city using entropy water quality index (EWQI) and new integrated water quality index (IWQI). Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 8, 57 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00641-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00641-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation