Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Approach for the Characterization of Low-Grade Phosphate Ore Performance in Isothermal Conditions

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The vacuum carbothermal reduction behavior of low-grade phosphate ore was examined using coke powder as a reducing agent. The findings show that the reduction ratio of phosphate ore and the volatilization ratio of P increased with increasing temperature and holding time, of which the reduction temperature had a more significant influence on the reduction degree compared with the holding time. Above 1250 °C, the reaction rate was very high, but after 30 min, the rate of reaction began to slow. At 1080 °C, Ca5(PO4)3F first reacted with a small amount of SiO2 in the ore sample to form Ca3(PO4)2, CaSiO3, and SiF4 (escaped in the form of gas), and Ca3(PO4)2 was subsequently reduced by C. When the temperature reached 1300 °C, a large amount of Ca5(PO4)3F in the phosphate rock started to react with C to produce CaO, P2 (g), CO (g), and CaF2. Via the mutual verification trial-and-error method, it was concluded that the unitary reduction process was under the control of the shrinking core model and diffusion, and the activation energies of the unitary reduction were 124.67 kJ/mol and 265.9 kJ/mol. Meanwhile, the volatilization of P was under the control of the diffusion and shrinking core model, and the activation energies were 604.77 kJ/mol and 339.49 kJ/mol.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig.7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Long TYB, Hu J (2009) Analysis on the guarantee and countermeasures of phosphate mining to food security. China Min 18(5):88–90

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yan ZH (2011) A review on the development and utilization of phosphate rock resources in China. Min Metall 20(3):21–25

  3. Jiang J (2014) Development and utilization of low-grade phosphate rock. Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 4:16–19

    Google Scholar 

  4. Abouzeid A-ZM (2008) Physical and thermal treatment of phosphate ores—an overview. Int J Miner Process 85(4):59–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2007.09.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Xiao LFX (2015) The present situation and prospect of the utilization of low-grade phosphorite in China. Chem Miner Process 8:42–46

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ning PDYX et al (2006) Evaluation and discussion on two technical routes of kiln phosphate in China. Compd Fertil 21(1):30–32

    Google Scholar 

  7. Shariati SRA, Salsani A (2015) Beneficiation of low-grade phosphate deposits by a combination of calcination and shaking tables: southwest Iran. Minerals 5(3):367–379. https://doi.org/10.3390/min5030367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Al-Fariss TF, Abd El-Aleem FA, El-Nagdy KA (2013) Beneficiation of Saudi phosphate ores by column flotation technology. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci 25(2):113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2012.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Leder F, Reiss H, Mu J, Megy J, Hard RA, Park WC (1986) Reduction of phosphate ore by carbon: Part II. Rate limiting steps. Mater Trans B 17(4):869–877. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Mu J, Leder F, Park WC, Hard RA, Megy J, Reiss H (1986) Reduction of phosphate ores by carbon: Part I Process variables for design of rotary kiln system. Mater Trans B 17(4):861–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tang JW, Wang D et al (2014) Study on reduction characteristics of phosphorus ore by blast furnace. Chem Miner Process 3:5–8

  12. Li XHB, Wu YX et al (2014) Process and kinetics of reduction of low-grade phosphate rock by melting method. J Chem Eng Coll Univ 4:905–910

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ma CHB, Wu YX et al (2014) Study on the kinetics of melting reduction of low-grade phosphate rock. Chem Miner Process 3:5–8

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cao RFLY, Xia XP et al (2019) Study on carbon thermal reduction process and kinetics of fluorite. J Chem Eng Coll Univ 33(02):126–133

    Google Scholar 

  15. Li Y, Xia QP, Liu W et al (2017) Study on carbothermal reduction mechanism of silica and potassium feldspar fusible phosphate rock. J Chem Eng Coll Univ 05:126–132

    Google Scholar 

  16. Liu YC, Li QX et al (2017) Mechanism of vacuum carbonthermal reduction reaction of calcium fluorophosphate. J Vac Sci Technol 37(01):89–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu YCLQ et al (2012) Mechanism of vacuum carbothermal reduction of calcium fluorophosphate. Vacuum 49(3):84–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yan WPLL, Huang R et al (2017) Thermodynamic simulation study on reducing mid-low-grade phosphorite by carbothermic reduction in vacuum. Guangzhou Chem Ind 45(12):101–103

    Google Scholar 

  19. Qian X, Huang R, Liu P, Lv X, Zhang J (2017) Effect of Carbon Content on Thermal Carbon Reduction of Low-Grade Phosphate Ore in Low Vacuum. Chin J Vacuum Sci Technol 37(7):739–743. https://doi.org/10.13922/j.cnki.cjovst.2017.07.16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu QH, Huang R, Lv XD et al (2019) Effect of temperature on the vacuum carbothermal reduction of low-grade phosphate ore. Mater Res Express 6(7):7. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab17a6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu YC, Li QX et al (2012) Preparation of phosphorus by carbothermal reduction mechanism in vacuum. Adv Mater Res 361–363(3):268–274. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.361-363.268

  22. Zhou XS (2012) Determination of phosphorus content using quinoline phosphomolybdate. Guangzhou Chem Ind 40(03):90–92

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cao R, Li Y, Xia J et al (2019) NiSO4 as additive effect on the carbothermal reduction process of phosphate rock and SiO2. SILICON 11(6):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-0071-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Starink MJ (2003) The determination of activation energy from linear heating rate experiments: a comparison of the accuracy of isoconversion methods. Thermochim Acta 404(1–2):163–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(03)00144-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Starink MJ (2007) Activation energy determination for linear heating experiments: deviations due to neglecting the low temperature end of the temperature integral. JMATS 42(2):483–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1067-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang TA, Dou ZH (2014) Macrodynamics research methods. Chemical Industry Press

  27. Li P, Yu Q, Qin Q, Lei W (2012) Kinetics of CO2/coal gasification in molten blast furnace slag. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(49):15872–15883. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie301678s

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Li P, Yu Q, Xie H, Qin Q, Wang K (2013) CO2 gasification rate analysis of Datong coal using slag granules as heat carrier for heat recovery from blast furnace slag by using a chemical reaction. Energy Fuels 27(8):4810–4817. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef4009554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mozammel M, Sadrnezhaad SK, Khoshnevisan A, Youzbashizadeh H (2013) Kinetics and reaction mechanism of isothermal oxidation of Iranian ilmenite concentrate powder. JTAC 112(2):781–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2639-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lv W, Lv X, Zhang Y, Li S, Tang K, Song B (2017) Isothermal oxidation kinetics of ilmenite concentrate powder from Panzhihua in air. Powder Technol 320:239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hu B (2014) Study on optimization and mechanism of molten reduction process of phosphate rock. Master, Wuhan Institute of Technology

  32. Guo ZC, Wang DG, Xu ZH (1994) Smelting reduction of phosphate ore(II) kinetics of phosphate reduction. J Chem Ind 45(3):265–271

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are especially grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Fund of China (Grant No. 51664003, 52064010), the Scholarship contract for overseas talents (2019) No. 08, and Key Nurturing Projects of Guizhou University (2019) No. 07.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China

    Xianfen Li, Run Huang, Qinghui Wu, Shufang Xie & Junqi Li

  2. Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Engineering and Energy Process Energy, Guiyang, 550025, China

    Xianfen Li, Run Huang, Qinghui Wu, Shufang Xie & Junqi Li

Authors
  1. Xianfen Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Run Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qinghui Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shufang Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Junqi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Run Huang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

The contributing editor for this article was Hongmin Zhu.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X., Huang, R., Wu, Q. et al. Experimental Approach for the Characterization of Low-Grade Phosphate Ore Performance in Isothermal Conditions. J. Sustain. Metall. 7, 1736–1747 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-021-00451-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-021-00451-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation