Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of groundwater quality using GIS in Thane Municipal Corporation, Maharashtra, India

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, the groundwater quality of the Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) area of Maharashtra state, India was assessed for drinking and industrial purposes as per the standards recommended by WHO (2017) and BIS (2012)). In the February 2019, using Random sampling method 25 water samples were collected from different parts of the TMC area. Using these ground water samples various parameters were analysed such as Power of Hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl) and Lithium (Li). The pH and EC were determined by Digital pH meter and conductometer respectively. The Cl− was assessed by non-instrumental experiment (Mohr’s method) and the rest of the parameters were analysed by ELICO CL378 flame photometer. With the help of Geographical Information System (GIS), spatial distributions of groundwater quality parameters were mapped. The results indicated that, the ionic dominance for cations and anions were Cl− > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Li+. TH and EC showed higher concentrations near the Thane creek and artificial rills compare to forest and construction zones. This infers that anthropogenic activities have greater influence than the natural process (water–rock interaction). Overall study reveals that water quality is good for industrial use in the zone surrounding to Thane creek but unsuitable for drinking. However, 86% of the samples in the study area showed good to excellent water quality for drinking purposes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AlSuhaimi AO, AlMohaimidi KM, Momani KA (2016) Preliminary assessment for physicochemical quality parameters of groundwater in Oqdus Area, Saudi Arabia. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 18:22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annapoorna H, Janardhana MR (2015) Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in rural areas surrounding a defunct copper mine. Aquat Proc 4:685–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APHA, AWWA, WEF (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington DC

  • BIS (2012) Indian standard drinking water specification. Bureau of Indian Standard. https://cgwb.gov.in/Documents/WQ-standards.pdf.

  • CGWB (2010) Ground water quality in shallow aquifers of India. Ministry of Water Resources Government of India. https://cgwb.gov.in/documents/Waterquality/GW_Quality_in_shallow_aquifers.pdf.

  • Choudhari PP (2013) World bottled water industry and climate change: mitigation strategies for climate change. In: Potdar SD (ed) Environmental issues and remedies. Prarup Publication, Kolhapur, pp 168–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhari PP, Kurlapkar DD (2012) Bottled water production and climate change: mitigation strategies for climate change. In: Jose A (ed) Society, politics and climate change. Khandwala Publishing House, Mumbai, pp 361–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Dev R, Bali M (2018) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 4:462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devic G, Djordjevic D, Sakan S (2013) Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater quality in Serbia. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gajbhiye S, Singh SK, Sharma SK (2015) Assessing the effects of different land use on water qualify using multi-temporal landsat data. In: Siddiqui AR, Singh PK (eds) Resource management and development strategies: a geographical perspective. Pravalika Publication, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. pp 337–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam SK, Sharma D, Tripathi JK, Ahirwar S, Singh SK (2013) A study of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants in Delhi region. Appl Water Sci 3(1):57–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam SK, Maharana C, Sharma D, Singh AK, Tripathi JK, Singh SK (2015) Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Chotanagpur plateau region of the Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand State, India. Sustain Water Qual Ecol 6:57–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam SK, Singh AK, Tripathi JK, Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Narsimlu B, Singh P (2016) Appraisal of surface and groundwater of the Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand, India: using remote sensing, irrigation indices and statistical techniques. In: Srivastva PK, Pandey PC, Kumar P, Raghubanshi AS HD (eds) Geospatial technology for water resource applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 144–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam SK, Evangelos T, Singh SK, Tripathi JK, Singh AK (2018) Environmental monitoring of water resources with the use of PoS index: a case study from Subarnarekha River basin, India. Environl Earth Sci 77(3):70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hem JD (1985) Study and Interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. US geological survey-water supply paper 2254. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/

  • Hussain G, Alquwaizany A, Al-Zarah A (2010) Guidelines for irrigation water quality and water management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: an overview. J Appl Sci 10:79–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacintha TGA, Rawat KS, Mishra A, Singh SK (2017) Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater of peninsular Indian region using multivariate statistical techniques. Appl Water Sci 7(6):3001–3013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh L, Keohane J, Cleary J, Garcia Cabellos G, Lloyd A (2017) Lithium in the natural waters of the South East of Ireland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolpin DW, Barbash JE, Gillion RJ (1998) Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: initial results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Environ Sci Technol 32:558–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CW, Lin KH, Kuo YM (2003) Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 313:77–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundy L, Ellis JB, Revitt DM (2011) Risk prioritisation of stormwater pollutant sources. Water Res 46:6589–6600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magesh NS, Krishnakumar S, Chandrasekar N, Soundranayagam JP (2013) Groundwater quality assessment using WQI and GIS techniques, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India. Arab J Geosci 2013:4179–4189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0673-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maliqi E, Jusufi K, Singh SK (2020) Assessment and spatial mpping of groundwater quality parameters using metal pollution indices, graphical methods and geoinformatics. Anal Chem Lett 10(2):152–180

  • Miller JD, Hutchins M (2017) The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: a review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. J Hydrol: Region Stud 12:345–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed MA, Terao H, Suzuki R, Babiker IS, Ohta K, Kaori K, Kato K (2003) Natural denitrification in the Kakamigahara groundwater basin, Gifu prefecture, central Japan. Sci Total Environ 307:191–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moharir K, Pande C, Singh SK, Choudhari P, Kishan R, Jeyakumar L (2019) Spatial interpolation approach-based appraisal of groundwater quality of arid regions. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA 68:43–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musa OK, Shaibu MM, Kudamnya EA (2013) Heavy metal concentration in groundwater around Obajana and its Environs, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. Am Int J Contemp Approach 3:170–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajan R, Rajmohan N, Mahendran U, Senthamilkumar S (2010) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Thanjavur city, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 171:289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1279-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemčić-Jurec J, Singh SK, Jazbec A, Gautam SK, Kovač I (2019) Hydrochemical investigations of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigational purposes: two case studies of Koprivnica-Križevci County (Croatia) and district Allahabad (India). Sustain Water Res Manag 5(2):467–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panaskar DB, Wagh VM, Muley AA, Mukte SV, Pawar RS, Aamalawar ML (2016) Evaluating groundwater suitability for the domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes in Nanded Tehsil, Maharashtra, India, using GIS and Statistics. Arab J Geosci 9:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pande CB, Moharir KN, Singh SK, Dzwairo B (2019) Groundwater evaluation for drinking purposes using statistical index: study of Akola and Buldhana districts of Maharashtra, India. Environ Dev Sustain 1–19

  • Raju NJ, Ram P, Dey S (2009) Groundwater quality in the lower Varuna River basin, Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. India. J Geol Soc India 73:178–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raju NJ, Shukla UK, Ram P (2011) Hydrogeochemistry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Varanasi: a fast-urbanizing center in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess 173:279–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ram B, Lal SB, Singh SK, Srivastava PK (2013) Heavy metals pollution in soil-water-vegetation continuum irrigated with ground water and untreated sewage. Bull Environ Sci Res 2(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawat KS, Singh SK (2018) Water quality indices and GIS-based evaluation of a decadal groundwater quality. Geol Ecol Landscapes 2(4):240–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat KS, Mishra AK, Singh SK (2017) Mapping of groundwater quality using normalized difference dispersal index of Dwarka sub-city at Delhi national capital of India. ISH J Hydraul Eng 23(3):229–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat KS, Tripathi VK, Singh SK (2018) Groundwater quality evaluation using numerical indices: a case study (Delhi, India). Sustain Water Res Manage 4(4):875–885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat K, Pradhan S, Tripathi V, Jeyakumar L, Singh SK (2019) Statistical approach to evaluate groundwater contamination for drinking and irrigation suitability. Groundwater Sustain Dev 9:100251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20360500/hb60_pdf/hb60complete.pdf

  • Sarath Prasanth SV, Magesh NS, Jitheshlal KV, Chandrasekar N, Gangadhar K (2012) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha District, Kerala, India. Appl Water Sci 2:165–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana E, Dhakate R, Kumar DL, Ravindar P, Muralidhar M (2017) Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater quality with special reference to fluoride concentration in parts of Mulugu-Venkatapur Mandals, Warangal District, Telangana. J Geol Soc India 89:247–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer CN, McCarty PL (1967) Chemistry for sanitary engineers. In Chemistry for sanitary engineers. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300397188

  • Sayyed J, Bhosle AB (2011) Analysis of chloride, sodium and potassium in groundwater samples of Nanded City in Maharashtra, India. Eur J Exp Biol 1:74–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Shomar B, Fakher SA, Yahya A (2010) Assessment of groundwater quality in the Gaza Strip, Palestine using GIS mapping. J Water Resour Protect 2:93–104. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.22011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Hussain A (2016) Water quality index development for groundwater quality assessment of Greater Noida sub-basin, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cogent Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1177155

  • Singh S, Singh C, Kumar K, Gupta R, Mukherjee S (2009) Spatial-temporal monitoring of groundwater using multivariate statistical techniques in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, India. J Hydrol Hydromechanics 57(1):45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Singh C, Mukherjee S (2010) Impact of land-use and land-cover change on groundwater quality in the Lower Shiwalik hills: a remote sensing and GIS based approach. Open Geosci 2(2):124–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Gupta M, Mukherjee S (2012) Modeling mineral phase change chemistry of groundwater in a rural-urban fringe. Water Sci Technol 66(7):1502–1510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Pandey AC, Gautam SK (2013a) Integrated assessment of groundwater influenced by a confluence river system: concurrence with remote sensing and geochemical modelling. Water Res Manage 27(12):4291–4313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Pandey AC (2013b) Fluoride contamination mapping of groundwater in Northern India integrated with geochemical indicators and GIS. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 13(6):1513–1523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Pandey AC, Singh D (2014) Land use fragmentation analysis using remote sensing and fragstats. In: Remote sensing applications to environmental research, Chapter 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05906-8_9

  • Singh SK, Srivastava PK, Singh D, Han D, Gautam SK, Pandey AC (2015) Modeling groundwater quality over a humid subtropical region using numerical indices, earth observation datasets, and X-ray diffraction technique: a case study of Allahabad district, India. Environ Geochem Health 37(1):157–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh H, Singh D, Singh SK, Shukla DN (2017) Assessment of river water quality and ecological diversity through multivariate statistical techniques, and earth observation dataset of rivers Ghaghara and Gandak, India. Int J River Basin Manage 15(3):347–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava PK, Singh SK, Gupta M, Thakur JK, Mukherjee S (2013) Modeling impact of land use change trajectories on groundwater quality using remote sensing and GIS. Environ Eng Manage J 12(12)

  • Subramani T, Krishnan S, Kumaresan PK (2012) Study of groundwater quality with GIS application for Coonoor Taluk in Nilgiri District. Int J Modern Eng Res 2:586–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur JK, Singh P, Singh SK, Bhaghel B (2013) Geochemical modelling of fluoride concentration in hard rock terrain of Madhya Pradesh, India. Acta Geol Sinica Engl Ed 87(5):1421–1433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur JK, Diwakar J, Singh SK (2015) Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater of Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal. Environ Earth Sci 74(6):4973–4988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur JK, Singh SK, Ekanthalu VS (2017) Integrating remote sensing, geographic information systems and global positioning system techniques with hydrological modeling. Appl Water Sci 7(4):1595–1608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toth J (1999) Groundwater as a geologic agent: an overview of the causes, processes, and manifestations. Hydrogeol J 7:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (2019) The United Nations World Water Development Report. Leaving No One Behind. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/367306eng.pdf

  • USDA (2017) Soil survey manual. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.iec.cat/mapasols/DocuInteres/PDF/Llibre50.pdf

  • Vasanthavigar M, Srinivasamoorthy K, Prasanna MV (2012) Evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic, irrigational, and industrial purposes: a case study from Thirumanimuttar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 184:405–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vennila G, Subramani T, Elango L (2008) GIS based groundwater quality assessment of Vattamalaikarai Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 7:585–592

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254637/9789241549950-eng.pdf?sequence=1

  • Wu TL (1980) Dissipation of the herbicides atrazine and alachlor in a Maryland Corn Field. J Environ Qual 9:459–465. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1980.00472425000900030029x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi FK, Nazzal Y, Jafri MK, Naeem M, Ahmed I (2015) Reverse ion exchange as a major process controlling the groundwater chemistry in an arid environment: a case study from northwestern Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4828-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not received any financial grant from Government or Priavte Institute for this work. We would like to thanks Professor and staff of the Department of Centre for Excellence in Basic Science (CBS), University of Mumbai, Associate Prof. Dr. Neeraj Agarwal, Scientific Assistant Mrs. Sonali Makarand Shiriskar, and Lab attendant Mr. Abhijeet A. Ghag for their kindly help and support for testing water samples.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Sitaram Shinde, Pandurang P. Choudhari & Namit Choudhari

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Bhushan Popatkar

Authors
  1. Sitaram Shinde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pandurang P. Choudhari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bhushan Popatkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Namit Choudhari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pandurang P. Choudhari.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shinde, S., Choudhari, P.P., Popatkar, B. et al. Assessment of groundwater quality using GIS in Thane Municipal Corporation, Maharashtra, India. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 7, 1739–1751 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00906-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00906-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation