Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Additive Manufacturing of Bio-Inspired Microstructures for Bone Tissue Engineering

  • Research paper
  • Published:
Experimental Techniques Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) focuses on restoring tissues that have lost their function due to disease or trauma. Porous artificial scaffolds are used in order to restore the structural functions of bone tissues. In recent years, Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies that can be integrated into Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software have shown great potential in this field. The use of AM technologies in the production of bone scaffolds made it possible to construct structures with appropriate mechanical properties and different configurations. In this study, artificial bone scaffolds designed using bio-inspired geometries and Computer-Aided System for Tissue Scaffolds (CASTS) library were printed by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of bone scaffolds created with bio-inspired microstructures on dimensional accuracy, weight, mechanical performance, structural strength, porosity and pore size. According to the test results, PLA printed scaffolds have better results than ABS printed scaffolds in terms of dimensional accuracy, porosity, pore diameter and weight. Among the PLA-printed scaffolds, the high pore diameter of the scutoid geometry resulted in low mechanical strength. In terms of porosity, the icosahedron geometry gave better results than the cubic structure. Therefore, PLA-printed icosahedron geometry can be considered as the most suitable scaffold type for bone tissue regeneration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are avail-able from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ABS:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

AM:

Additive manufacturing

β-TCP:

Beta tricalcium phosphate

BG:

BioGlass

CT:

Computed tomography

CAD:

Computer-aided design

CASTS:

Computer-aided system for tissue scaffolds

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FDM:

Fusion deposition modeling

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

ME:

Material extrusion

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PGA:

Polyglycolic acid

PLA:

Polylactic acid

3D:

Three dimensional

BTE:

Bone tissue engineering

TCP:

Tricalcium phosphate

References

  1. Ghassemi T, Shahroodi A, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Mousavian A, Movaffagh J, Moradi A (2018) Current concepts in scaffolding for bone tissue engineering. Arch Bone Joint Surg 6(2):90

    Google Scholar 

  2. Qu H (2020) Additive manufacturing for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Mater Today Commun 24:101024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Müller B, Deyhle H, Fierz F, Irsen S, Yoon J, Mushkolaj S, Boss O, Vondran E, Gbureck U, Degistrici Ö (2009) Bio-mimetic hollow scaffolds for long bone replacement. Proc SPIE - Int Soc Opt Eng 7401(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  4. Top N, Şahin İ, Gökçe H (2019) Artificial bone scaffold design in tissue engineering. Selcuk Tech J 18(3):209–228

    Google Scholar 

  5. Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL (2004) Bone tissue engineering: state of the art and future trends. Macromol Sci 4(8):743–765

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR (2006) Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27(18):3413–3431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Seitz H, Rieder W, Irsen S, Leukers B, Tille C (2005) Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 74(2):782–788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Li J, Chen M, Fan X, Zhou H (2016) Recent advances in bioprinting techniques: approaches, applications and future prospects. J Transl Med 14(1):271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Guo Y, Liu K, Yu Z (2019) Tetrahedron based porous scaffold design for 3D printing. Designs 3(16):1–17

    Google Scholar 

  10. O’Brien FJ (2011) Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater Today 14(3):88–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Habibovic P, Gbureck U, Doillon CJ, Bassett DC, Blitterswijk CAV, Barralet JE (2008) Osteoconduction and osteoinduction of low-temperature 3D printed bioceramic implants. Biomaterials 29(7):944–953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones AC, Arns CH, Sheppard AP, Hutmacher DW, Milthorpe BK, Knackstedt MA (2007) Assessment of bone ingrowth into porous biomaterials using Micro-CT. Biomaterials 28(15):2491–2504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Polo-Corrales L, Latorre-Esteves M, Ramirez-Vick JE (2014) Scaffold design for bone regeneration. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14(1):15–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gregor A, Filová E, Novák M, Kronek J, Chlup H, Buzgo M, Blahnová V, Lukášová V, Bartoš M, Nečas A, Hošek J (2017) Designing of PLA scaffolds for bone tissue replacement fabricated by ordinary commercial 3D printer. J Biol Eng 11(1):31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Zaszczyńska A, Moczulska-Heljak M, Gradys A, Sajkiewicz P (2021) Advances in 3D printing for tissue engineering. Materials 14(12):3149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mota C, Puppi D, Chiellini F, Chiellini E (2015) Additive manufacturing techniques for the production of tissue engineering constructs. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 9(3):174–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bose S, Suguira S, Bandyopadhyay A (1999) Processing of controlled porosity ceramic structures via fused deposition. Scripta Mater 41(9):1009–1014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gibson I, Rosen DW, Stucker B (2015) Additive manufacturing technologies. Springer, New York, 13:43

  19. Wang L, Kang J, Sun C, Li D, Cao Y, Jin Z (2017) Mapping porous microstructures to yield desired mechanical properties for application in 3D printed bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants. Mater Des 133:62–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Santos ARC, Almeida HA, Bártolo PJ (2013) Additive manufacturing techniques for scaffold-based cartilage tissue engineering: a review on various additive manufacturing technologies in generating scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Virtual Phys Prototyp 8(3):175–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Top N, Şahin İ, Gökçe H, Gökçe H (2021) Computer-aided design and additive manufacturing of bone scaffolds for tissue engineering: state of the art. J Mater Res 36(19):3725–3745

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Datta P, Vyas V, Dhara S, Chowdhury AR, Barui A (2019) Anisotropy properties of tissues: a basis for fabrication of biomimetic anisotropic scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Bionic Eng 16(5):842–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Yang Y, Song X, Li X, Chen Z, Zhou C, Zhou Q, Chen Y (2018) Recent progress in biomimetic additive manufacturing technology: from materials to functional structures. Adv Mater 30(36):1706539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith MH, Flanagan CL, Kemppainen JM, Sack JA, Chung H, Das S, ..., Feinberg SE (2007) Computed tomography‐based tissue‐engineered scaffolds in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robot Comput Assisted Surg 3(3): 207–216

  25. Sun W, Starly B, Nam J, Darling A (2005) Bio-CAD modeling and its applications in computer-aided tissue engineering. Comput Aided Des 37(11):1097–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen G, Luo H, Zhang Z, Fan X (2020) Flexural deformation and fracture behaviors of the sandwich turtle rib bones with hierarchical woven fibers. Colloid Interface Sci Commun 34:100230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ott J, Lazalde M, Gu GX (2020) Algorithmic-driven design of shark denticle bioinspired structures for superior aerodynamic properties. Bioinspir Biomim 15(2):026001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ren L, Li B, Song Z, Liu Q, Ren L, Zhou X (2019) 3D printing of structural gradient soft actuators by variation of bioinspired architectures. J Mater Sci 54(8):6542–6551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ghazlan A, Ngo T, Nguyen T, Linforth S, Van Le T (2020) Uncovering a high-performance bio-mimetic cellular structure from trabecular bone. Sci Rep 10(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ghazlan A, Nguyen T, Ngo T, Linforth S (2020) Performance of a 3D printed cellular structure inspired by bone. Thin-Walled Struct 151:106713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Chen H, Han Q, Wang C, Liu Y, Chen B, Wang J (2020) Porous scaffold design for additive manufacturing in orthopedics: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yang Y, Wang G, Liang H, Gao C, Peng S, Shen L, Shuai C (2019) Additive manufacturing of bone scaffolds. Int J Bioprint 5(1):1–25

  33. Jiao C, Xie D, He Z, Liang H, Shen L, Yang Y, ..., Wang C (2022) Additive manufacturing of bio-inspired ceramic bone Scaffolds: structural design, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Mater Des 217: 110610

  34. Liang H, Chao L, Xie D, Yang Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, ..., Jiang Q (2022) Trabecular-like Ti–6Al–4V scaffold for bone repair: A diversified mechanical stimulation environment for bone regeneration. Compos Part B: Eng 241:110057

  35. Krzysztof P, Pokrowiecki R (2018) Porous titanium implants: a review. Adv Mater Eng 20:1700648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nazir A, Abate KM, Kumar A, Jeng J-Y (2019) A state-of-the-art review on types, design, optimization, and additive manufacturing of cellular structures. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 104:3489–3510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Savio G, Rosso S, Meneghello R, Concheri G (2018) Geometric modeling of cellular materials for additive manufacturing in biomedical field: a review. Appl Bionics Biomech 2018:1654782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Du X, Fu S, Zhu Y (2018) 3D printing of ceramic-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: an overview. J Mater Chem B 6(27):4397–4412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nouri A, Shirvan AR, Li Y, Wen C (2021) Additive manufacturing of metallic and polymeric load-bearing biomaterials using laser powder bed fusion: a review. J Mater Sci Technol 94:196–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Liang H, Ji T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Guo W (2017) Reconstruction with 3D-printed pelvic endoprostheses after resection of a pelvic tumour. Bone Joint J 99(2):267–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Phan K, Sgro A, Maharaj MM, D’Urso P, Mobbs RJ (2016) Application of a 3D custom printed patient specific spinal implant for C1/2 arthrodesis. Journal of Spine Surgery 2(4):314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang L, Cao T, Li X, Huang L (2016) Three-dimensional printing titanium ribs for complex reconstruction after extensive posterolateral chest wall resection in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 152(1):e5–e7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Chen Y, Li W, Zhang C, Wu Z, Liu J (2020) Recent developments of biomaterials for additive manufacturing of bone scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 9(23):2000724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Liu F, Wang X (2020) Synthetic polymers for organ 3D printing. Polymers 12(8):1765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wang X, Liu C (2018). 3D Bioprinting of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Organ Manufacturing. In: Chun H, Park C, Kwon I, Khang G (eds) Cutting-Edge Enabling Technologies for Regenerative Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Springer, Singapore 3–14

  46. Roseti L, Parisi V, Petretta M, Cavallo C, Desando G, Bartolotti I, Grigolo B (2017) Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and new perspectives. Mater Sci Eng C 78:1246–1262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Eltom A, Zhong G, & Muhammad A (2019) Scaffold techniques and designs in tissue engineering functions and purposes: a review. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2019:1–13

  48. Baptista R, Guedes M (2021) Morphological and mechanical characterization of 3D printed PLA scaffolds with controlled porosity for trabecular bone tissue replacement. Mater Sci Eng: Part C 118:111528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Fairag R, Rosenzweig DH, Ramirez-Garcialuna JL, Weber MH, Haglund L (2019) Three-dimensional printed polylactic acid scaffolds promote bone-like matrix deposition in vitro. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(17):15306–15315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Germain L, Fuentes CA, van Vuure AW, des Rieux A, Dupont-Gillain C (2018) 3D-printed biodegradable gyroid scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Mater Des 151:113–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Krishna LSR, Kamal M, Venkatesh S (2017) Design and manufacturing of a scaffold for biomedical applications using additive manufacturing. Indian J Sci Res Dec. 2017:1–7

  52. Ariffin MKAM, Fazel SH, İsmail MIS, Mohamed S, Wahid Z (2018) Mechanical properties of bone scaffold prototypes fabricated by 3D printer. J Eng Sci Technol 13:29–38

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kantaros A, Chatzidai N, Karalekas D (2016) 3D printing-assisted design of scaffold structures. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82(1–4):559–571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Rosenzweig DH, Carelli E, Steffen T, Jarzem P, Haglund L (2015) 3D-printed ABS and PLA scaffolds for cartilage and nucleus pulposus tissue regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 16(7):15118–15135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Liu H, Ahlinder A, Yassin MA, Finne-Wistrand A, Gasser TC (2020) Computational and experimental characterization of 3D-printed PCL structures toward the design of soft biological tissue scaffolds. Mater Des 188:108488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Patricio T, Domingos M, Gloria A, Bártolo P (2013) Characterisation of PCL and PCL/PLA scaffolds for tissue engineering. Procedia Cirp 5:110–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Gao C, Deng Y, Feng P, Mao Z, Li P, Yang B, Peng S (2014) Current progress in bioactive ceramic scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 15(3):4714–4732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Chen M, Le DQ, Kjems J, Bünger C, Lysdahl H (2015) Improvement of distribution and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by hyaluronic acid and β-tricalcium phosphate-coated polymeric scaffold in vitro. BioRes Open Access 4(1):363–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Jaidev LR, Chatterjee K (2019) Surface functionalization of 3D printed polymer scaffolds to augment stem cell response. Mater Des 161(1):44–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Szivek JA, Wojtanowski A, David G, Jordan S (2016) Stem cell infiltrated biomimetic inverse trabecular-pattered scaffolds accelerate bone growth during long segment repair in a sheep critical sized defect. 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada

  61. Touri M, Moztarzadeh F, Osman NAA, Dehghan MM, Mozafari M (2018) 3D–printed biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds coated with an oxygen generating system for enhancing engineered tissue survival. Mater Sci Eng C 84:236–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bankole I, Oladapo S, Adeoye AOM, Zahedi SA (2018) 3D printing of bone scaffolds with hybrid biomaterials. Compos B Eng 158(1):428–436

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chen G, Chen N, Wang Q (2019) Fabrication and properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)/β-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds via fused deposition modeling for bone tissue engineering. Compos Sci Technol 172:17–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Felfel RM (2016) In vitrodegradation and mechanical properties of PLA–PCL copolymer unit cell scaffolds generated by two-photon poly marination. Biomed Mater 11:015011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jiao Z, Luo B, Xiang S, Ma H, Yu Y, Yang W (2019) 3D printing of HA/PCL composite tissue engineering scaffolds. Adv Ind Eng Polymer Res 2(4):196–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Sahmani S, Khandan A, Esmaeili S, Saber-Samandari S, Nejad MG, Aghdam MM (2020) Calcium phosphate-PLA scaffolds fabricated by fused deposition modeling technique for bone tissue applications: fabrication, characterization and simulation. Ceram Int 46(2):2447–2456

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang H, Mao X, Zhao D, Jiang W, Du Z, Li Q, ..., Han D (2017) Three dimensional printed polylactic acid-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for prefabricating vascularized tissue engineered bone: an in vivo bioreactor model. Sci Rep 7(1): 1–13

  68. Feng P, Wu P, Gao C, Yang Y, Guo W, Yang W, Shuai C (2018) A multimaterial scaffold with tunable properties: toward bone tissue repair. Adv Sci 5(6):1700817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Shuai C, Peng B, Feng P, Yu L, Lai R, Min A (2022) In situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods on graphene oxide nanosheets and their reinforcement in biopolymer scaffold. J Adv Res 35:13–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Shuai C, Yang W, Feng P, Peng S, Pan H (2021) Accelerated degradation of HAP/PLLA bone scaffold by PGA blending facilitates bioactivity and osteoconductivity. Bioactive Mater 6(2):490–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Weems AC, Pérez-Madrigal MM, Arno MC, Dove AP (2020) 3D printing for the clinic: examining contemporary polymeric biomaterials and their clinical utility. Biomacromol 21(3):1037–1059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Alam F, Varadarajan KM, Kumar S (2020) 3D printed polylactic acid nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Polym Testing 81:106203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Grémare A, Guduric V, Bareille R, Heroguez V, Latour S, Heureux N, Nihouannen D (2018) Characterization of printed PLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 106(4):887–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Yeh CH, Chen YW, Shie MY, Fang HY (2015) Poly dopamine assisted immobilization of Xu Duan on 3D printed poly lactic acid scaffolds to up regulate osteogenic and angiogenic markers of bone marrow stem cells. Materials 8:4299–4315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. de la Lastra A, Hixon K, Aryan L, Banks A, Lin A, Hall A, Sell S (2018) Tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated in dissolvable 3D printed molds for patient specific craniofacial bone regeneration. J Funct Biomater 9(3):46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Macdonald NP, Zhu F, Hall CJ, Reboud J, Crosier PS, Patton EE, Wlodkowic D, Cooper JM (2016) Assessment of biocompatibility of 3D printed photopolymers using zebrafish embryo toxicity assays. Lab Chip 16(2):291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jo MY, Ryu YJ, Ko JH, Yoon JS (2012) Effects of compatibilizers on the mechanical properties of ABS/PLA composites. J Appl Polym Sci 125(S2):E231–E238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bijarimi M, Shahadah N, Ramli A, Nurdin S, Alhadadi W, Muzakkar MZ, Jaafar J (2020) Poly (Lactic Acid)(PLA)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanocomposites. Indonesian J Chem 20(2):276–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Choe IJ, Lee JH, Yu JH, Yoon JS (2014) Mechanical properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer/poly (l‐lactic acid) blends and their composites. J Appl Polymer Sci 131(11):40329

  80. Rigoussen A, Verge P, Raquez JM, Habibi Y, Dubois P (2017) In-depth investigation on the effect and role of cardanol in the compatibilization of PLA/ABS immiscible blends by reactive extrusion. Eur Polymer J 93:272–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Elsharkawy S, Mata A (2018) Hierarchical biomineralization: from nature’s designs to synthetic materials for regenerative medicine and dentistry. Adv Healthc Mater 7(18):1800178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Gómez S, Vlad MD, López J, Fernández E (2016) Design and properties of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 42:341–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Lv Y, Wang B, Liu G, Tang Y, Lu E, Xie K, ..., Wang L (2021) Metal material, properties and design methods of porous biomedical scaffolds for additive manufacturing: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9: 641130

  84. Hollister SJ (2005) Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. Nat Mater 4(7):518–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Qi F, Gao X, Wang C, Shuai Y, Yang L, Liao R, ..., Shuai C (2022a) In situ grown silver nanoparticles on tetrapod-like zinc oxide whisker for photocatalytic antibacterial in scaffolds. Mater Today Sustain 19: 100210

  86. Qi F, Wang Z, Shuai Y, Peng S, Shuai C (2022) Sr2+ sustained release system augments bioactivity of polymer scaffold. ACS Appl Polymer Mater 4(4):2691–2702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Shuai C, Liu G, Yang Y, Qi F, Peng S, Yang W, ..., Qian G (2020) A strawberry-like Ag-decorated barium titanate enhances piezoelectric and antibacterial activities of polymer scaffold. Nano Energy 74: 104825

  88. Han S, Currier T, Edraki M, Liu B, Lynch ME, Modarres-Sadeghi Y (2021) Flow inside a bone scaffold: Visualization using 3D phase contrast MRI and comparison with numerical simulations. J Biomech 126:110625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Giannitelli SM, Accoto D, Trombetta M, Rainer A (2014) Current trends in the design of scaffolds for computer aided tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 10(2):580–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Liebschner MAK (2012) Computer aided tissue engineering, 1st Edn. Springer Humana

  91. Gómez-Gálvez P, Vicente-Munuera P, Tagua A, Forja C, Castro AM, Letrán M, ..., Escudero LM (2018) Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia. Nat Commun 9(1): 1–14

  92. Top N (2019) Design and production of a novel bone scaffolding using additive manufacturing for tissue engineering, MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

  93. Egan PF, Gonella VC, Engensperger M, Ferguson SJ, Shea K (2017) Computationally designed lattices with tuned properties for tissue engineering using 3D printing. PLoS One 12(8):e0182902

  94. Esslinger S, Gadow R (2020) Additive manufacturing of bioceramic scaffolds by combination of FDM and slip casting. J Eur Ceram Soc 40(11):3707–3713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Arabnejad S, Johnston RB, Pura JA, Singh B, Tanzer M et al (2016) High-strength porous biomaterials for bone replacement: a strategy to assess the interplay between cell morphology, mechanical properties, bone ingrowth and manufacturing constraints. Acta Biomater 30:345–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lemons JE (1987) Quantitative characterization and performance of porous implants for hard tissue applications: a symposium, ASTM international

  97. Karageorgiou V, Kaplan D (2005) Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials 26(27):5474–5491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Roosa SMM, Kemppainen JM, Moffitt EN, Krebsbach PH, Hollister SJ (2010) The pore size of polycaprolactone scaffolds has limited influence on bone regeneration in an in vivo model. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 92(1):359–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Abbasi N, Hamlet S, Love RM, Nguyen NT (2020) Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Sci: Adv Mater Devices 5(1):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bragdon CR, Jasty M, Greene M, Rubash HE, Harris WH (2004) Biologic fixation of total hip implants: Insights gained from a series of canine studies. JBJS 86:105–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Ghayor C, Weber FE (2018) Osteoconductive microarchitecture of bone substitutes for bone regeneration revisited. Front Physiol 9:960

  102. Dias MR, Fernandes PR, Guedes JM, Hollister SJ (2012) Permeability analysis of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomech 45(6):938–944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Feng P, Jia J, Peng S, Shuai Y, Pan H, Bai X, Shuai C (2022) Transcrystalline growth of PLLA on carbon fiber grafted with nano-SiO2 towards boosting interfacial bonding in bone scaffold. Biomater Res 26(1):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Feng P, Shen S, Yang L, Kong Y, Yang S, Shuai C (2023) Vertical and uniform growth of MoS2 nanosheets on GO nanosheets for efficient mechanical reinforcement in polymer scaffold. Virtual Phys Prototyp 18(1):e2115384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Feng P, Wang K, Shuai Y, Peng S, Hu Y, Shuai C (2022) Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in situ grown on carbon nanotube as a reinforcement for poly (ε-caprolactone) bone scaffold. Mater Today Adv 15:100272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All authors made contributions to the manuscript and have approved the final version of the script.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technology Faculty, Industrial Design Engineering Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

    N. Top, H. Gökçe & I. Şahin

Authors
  1. N. Top
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Gökçe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. Şahin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Neslihan Top: Writing–original draft (lead), design and modeling.

Harun Gökçe: Writing–review and editing, Mechanical and FEA tests.

İsmail Şahin—Writing–review and editing, Supervision (supporting).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Gökçe.

Ethics declarations

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that coul dhave appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Top, N., Gökçe, H. & Şahin, I. Additive Manufacturing of Bio-Inspired Microstructures for Bone Tissue Engineering. Exp Tech 47, 1213–1227 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-023-00630-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-023-00630-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation