1 Introduction

Geo-thermal energy is a great amount of thermal energy, but it could turn to be heat-harm if not being explored and utilized. As most mines in eastern China were explored deeper, with the increasing of exploration depth, the rock temperature rises, and high temperature heat-harm during exploration and at working face would become more and more serious (He et al. 2005). High temperature heat-harm would not only greatly harm the physical and mental health of mine workers, but also lead to safety accidents, and parts of absorbed gas could be released by environmental temperature increasing causing great potential safety problems. So it is extremely urgent to control high temperature heat-harm (Deng 1992; Feng and Ceng 2005; He et al. 2008).

This paper, through the survey and analysis on deep mines in Eastern China, summarizes features of three typical heat-harm mines. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous heat-harm control technologies, and aiming at the usage of deep geo-thermal energy, HEMS-technology has been successfully developed. With the utilization of deep mine heat-harm as resources, ground coal-fired boiler has been replaced to achieve the mining area’s purpose of saving energy, protecting environment and sustainable developing, while solving deep mine heat-harm problems.

2 Distribution patterns of geothermal field

Ground temperature of geothermal field in deep mines gradually increases with the mining depth. There are important factors in different geological environments still exist, such as the impact of the regional geological structure, the groundwater and mine inflows, etc. These factors form the various geothermal gradients and distribution patterns in deep mines. According to temperature gradients in China’s deep mines, the patterns can be generalized as three kinds, linear, nonlinear and abnormal pattern, of typical deep geothermal field distribution patterns.

2.1 Linear

According to the data of ground temperature measurement in China’s mainland, the temperature of shallow ground regularly present in linear variation pattern, showing general linear temperature distribution on a diagram temperature (T) versus depth (Z). Figure 1 presents the result of geothermal distribution in one of the scientific drilling holes in China.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Distribution of temperature with depth

Full size image

As is shown in Fig. 1: (1) The measuring temperature under 100 m is uniformity; (2) at 900–1,600 m section, temperature shows fluctuations, slightly influenced by groundwater activity; (3) in the deep underground area, linear relation between temperature and depth is conspicuous; (4) The value of the geothermal gradient is changeable, decreasing or increasing with the variation of depth. The average geothermal gradient is about 24.18 ± 3.14 °C/km.

Most part of the ground temperature field in China distributes in this type, and when the mine mining depth is less than 800 m, generally serious thermal pollution won’t appear. Some of individual mines suffer from the overheat damage, usually not serious, which could be easily and effectively solved by improving the ventilation system, adjusting proper ventilation rate, instead of using artificial refrigeration cooling technology. But when it comes to under 800 m and even deeper, the temperature is more than 40 °C, causing serious thermal pollution, in which artificial refrigeration cooling technologies must be taken in.

2.2 Nonlinear

Due to the impact of regional tectonic and other influence factors, some of the mines perform a significant nonlinearity in the distribution of geothermal gradient as the depth increases. Jiahe coal mine (Xuzhou Mining Group, Jiangsu Province) is one of these cases. The data of ground temperature in Jiahe mine are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Nonlinear distribution of ground temperature

Full size image

From Fig. 2 it can be concluded as the following,

  1. (1)

    The function of ground temperature with depth varies with a formula:

    $$T(h) = - 4.975 + 23.08\exp ( - h/1 \, 736.1);$$
    (1)
  2. (2)

    From 200 to 700 m, a basic linear geothermal gradient is achieved equal to 1.5 °C/100 m;

  3. (3)

    From 700 to 1,200 m depth, a non-linear variation is achieved with the average geothermal gradient of 2.2 °C/100 m.

When the mining depth reaches 700 to 1,200 m, the temperature increases with the mining depth, and keeps increasing with a non-linearly trend. According to the statistics of China’s thermal disasters in coal mines, when the mining depth is larger than 1,000 m, severe heat damage phenomena would be suffered, and the nonlinear distribution of geothermal heat will exacerbate the degree of heat disaster in mines.

2.3 Abnormal pattern

Because of the differences in geological structure and stratigraphic distribution factors, if there is a local hot rock formation, it will cause abnormal changes in geothermal temperature, such as the ground temperature distribution of Sanhejian mine (Xuzhou Mining Group, Jiangsu Province), and the distribution is shown in Fig. 3. Rich Ordovician limestone water exists in Sanhejian coal mine, and the temperature of water is about 50 °C, with the quantity up to 1,000 m3/h. The large amount of high-temperature water causes a severe heat damage to Sanhejian mine all a year round. Besides, the Juye coal mine and Longgu mine in Shandong Province also belong to this pattern of geothermal distribution. As is shown in Fig. 3, the temperature increases with the increase of depth at first stage, but a sudden change of temperature appears at local depth, forming the anomaly geothermal distribution.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Abnormal pattern of geothermal distribution

Full size image

3 Three typical heat-harm modes

According to the data surveyed by China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) and China Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau for mining areas in eastern China, there are 13 mines in Shandong whose temperature on working faces is higher than 26 °C, among which six mines’ temperature on working face is between 26 and 30 °C, seven of them is higher than 30 °C; in Jiangsu Province there are five mines in all with the temperature on working face higher than 26 °C, among which three mines’ temperature on working face is between 26 and 30 °C, two is higher than 30 °C; in Anhui Province there are 10 mines in all that temperature on working face is higher than 26 °C, among which seven of them the temperature on working face is between 26 and 30 °C, and three mines are higher than 30 °C; there are 12 mines in all in Henan Province whose temperature on working face is higher than 26 °C, among which two mines’ temperature on working face is between 26 and 30 °C, and 10 mines’ temperature is higher than 30 °C (Table 1).

Table 1 Typical high temperature mines list in North China
Full size table

On another hand, ground heating in mining area is usually supplied by coal-fired boiler, with low efficiency and high wasting of one-time energy, and coal-firing emits large amount of CO2 and SO2, increasing global warming and environmental pollutions. Boiler emission of some typical mining area is in Table 2.

Table 2 Coal-firing boiler emission of typical mining area (t)
Full size table

On the basis of this survey, according to hydro geological conditions and heat-harm of various mines, three typical mining modes of heat-harm are summarized: Jiahe mode, Sanhejian mode and Zhangshuanglou mode.

3.1 Jiahe mode (Zhang 2006)

This type of heat-harm mines locate at the area with normal ground temperature, and the heat-harm mainly comes from the rise of rock temperature with exploration depth increasing. Representative mines of this type are deep mines with more than 1,000 m depth such as Xuzhou Jiahe coal mine, Huainan Jiulonggang coal mine, Xinwen Sun village coal mine, etc. Mainly features are as the following:

  1. (1)

    Gradient of ground temperature in this type of mines with heat-harm is less or near to the average, without heat-harm when explored at superficial part, but heat-harm appears as the ground temperature rising while the exploration depth increasing. It could be obvious at −800 m level of Jiahe mine where the rock temperature is 33–34 °C, −1,000 m level around 38–39 °C, and the temperature on heading face is as high as 35–36 °C.

  2. (2)

    Lack in undermine water resource, for example, the amount of mine water in Jiahe mine is 95–135 m3/h.

  3. (3)

    Coal-firing boiler was used on the ground of heating and bathing, with large consumption of resources and serious pollution.

3.2 Sanhejian mode (He et al. 2010)

Due to anomaly geothermal underground environment and the heat of hot water, high temperature heat-harm in this kind of mines is serious. Representative mines include Xuzhou Sanhejian coal mine, Pingdingshan No. 8 coal mine, Chenzhou uranium mine, etc. with main features:

  1. (1)

    Gradient of ground temperature of this kind is larger than the average, which commonly possesses complete crustal thermal structure and poly thermal structure. For example, the gradient of ground temperature in Sanhejian coal mine is 3.46 °C/100 m, larger than the average value, with good poly thermal structure and crustal thermal structure. It could be seen in Diagram 2 that the rock temperature at 700 m level in Sanhejian mine is 37.7 °C, at 860 level is 43.9 °C, and at 980 m 46.8 °C. Temperature on heading face is high of about 36–37 °C, which can affect physical and mental health of the workers, as well as production safety can be seriously threatened.

  2. (2)

    Be scarce in underground cold water as cold source, but rich in hot water with high temperature, containing large amount of geothermal resource. For example, the flow of water in Sanhejian mine is only 50 m3/h with temperature around 25–30 °C, but 1,020 m3/h water flow which is 50 °C. Underground hot water is aggravated by the heat-harm.

  3. (3)

    Coal-firing boiler was used on the ground for heating and bathing, which can be substituted by hot water existing inside the mine.

3.3 Zhangshuanglou mode

Gradient of ground temperature in this kind of mines is normal, and heat-harm commonly exists at deep part, but this kind is rich in mine water, containing plenty of low-grade cold energy. Representative mines are Xuzhou Zhangshuanglou coal mine, following the features as:

  1. (1)

    No heat-harm at superficial part of this kind of mines, but with the exploration depth increasing, heat-harm becomes more and more serious. For example, temperature on working face in Zhangshuanglou is higher than 36 °C,

  2. (2)

    Rich in mine water, for example, flow of mine water is 1,200 m3/h in Zhangshuanglou mine,

  3. (3)

    As referred before coal-firing boiler used on the ground for heating and bathing, can be substituted by hot water existing inside the mine.

4 Heat-harm control system existing in China and in foreign countries

4.1 Central air conditioning system

This system cools return water by spray facilities, sometimes adding auxiliary fans in cooling system, or using heat-exchanger between wind and water to enhance cooling effect. Cold water of the unit finishes heat-exchanging with intake air flow passing air cooler, and the cooled air flows is conveyed by fans to working face through wind tunnel for working face cooling. According to the layout, central air conditioning system gradually developed in two modes, the ground centralized and underground centralized mode, and the principle diagram of this technology is shown in Fig. 4. Large depth, high pressure and high cost cause the main troubles in this system; for underground centralized mode, the problems in heat elimination, weak cooling effect (because of the limited circulating water temperature difference, and mixed air system) and high operation cost are obvious (He et al. 2004).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Principle diagram of central air conditioning cooling

Full size image

4.2 Ice cooling system

The ice cooling system, using granular ice or mashed ice manufactured by ice maker and conveying to ice-melting pool underground, uses return water from working face spraying to melt the ice, then conveys the cold water to working face and sprays the water for cooling. The system is mainly comprised with three parts, the ice production station, ice conveyance and ice melting part. Figure 5 is the technology principle diagram of ice cooling system. But this system also have disadvantages: ice pipelines are easy to be blocked leading to whole system down, and the spray cooling would increase humidity, thirdly, the operation cost is high.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Cooling principle diagram of ice cooling system

Full size image

4.3 Thermoelectric glycol system

Thermoelectric glycol technology, firstly transmits residual heat from gas power plant to lithium-bromide refrigerating machine for first-stage cooling and then transmits to glycol refrigerating machine for second-stage cooling with the temperature of −3.4 °C to −5 °C. The cooled glycol is conveyed to underground workstation for water cooling, and the cooled water is conveyed to air cooler for air cooling. Cold air is then transmitted to high temperature working face for cooling. By using this system, the temperature on heading face reduces from 34 to 26 °C. The temperature of cold glycol solution is −5 °C, and only 3 °C when reaching heat-exchange system, averagely reducing the temperature of underground working face by 10 °C. Figure 6 is the technology principle diagram of this system. The cooling effect of this system is obvious, but it requires that the mine must have a power plant; second-stage cooling of cold resources make the cold quantity limited; the operation is complex, and the cost is high. All these make it difficult to spread for heat-harm controlling in deep mines.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Cooling principle diagram of thermoelectric glycol system

Full size image

5 High temperature exchange machinery system (HEMS)

There’s a common problem in all the three cooling systems above, that they are all energy consumption systems with a single goal for cooling, consuming plenty of energy in operation, not regarding the heat-harm in deep mines as a kind of resource, and large amount of deep geo-thermal energy has been wasted. Aiming at making use of the heat-harm, HEMS is developed by the State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), relying on a 973 China National project (2006CB202200) (He et al. 2006a, b; He and Qu 2007). The system combines cooling, using underground mine water drainage, and utilization of heat-harm as geo-thermal energy, achieves the purpose of underground heat-harm control and the ground coal-firing boiler heating replacement, forming a green circular production system with cooling underground and heating on the ground (He et al. 2006b).

5.1 System instruction

Mine water is used in HEMS system as the medium to extract deep geo-thermal energy instead of coal-firing boiler heating on the ground, achieving the purpose of controlling underground heat-harm (Feng and Ceng 2005). Figure 7 shows the technology principle diagram of HEMS. The system comprises two parts, the underground and the ground part. The workstation underground includes HEMS-II cooling station, HEMS-I cooling station, HEMS-PT pressure conversion station, HEMS-T heat exchange station and the pumping station; the ground part includes regulating pond, HEMS-III heating station and water treatment system (Zhang 2006). Functions of each station and detailed process are described as the following:

Fig. 7
figure 7

Mine water cooling technology and its principle diagram

Full size image
  1. (1)

    HEMS-II—cooling station conveys cold energy by water–gas heat exchange for working face cooling to control heat-harm, and at the same time conveying thermal energy to HEMS-I cooling station.

  2. (2)

    HEMS-I—cooling station, when conveying cold energy to HEMS-II cooling station, conveys the produced thermal energy to HEMS-PT pressure conversion station.

  3. (3)

    HEMS-PT—pressure conversion station solves the problem of high liquid pressure on pipes, at the same time conveying thermal energy produced in HEMS-I cooling station to HEMS-T heat exchange station.

  4. (4)

    HEMS-T—heat exchange station is designed for high physical abrasion, high mineralization, and strong chemical corrosion liquid, and successfully delivers thermal energy to mine water by energy exchanging.

  5. (5)

    Finally convey deep geo-thermal energy to the regulated pond on the ground by drainage system, and convert low-grade thermal energy to high-grade thermal energy by HEMS-III heating station on the ground for heating, the mine water whose thermal energy is extracted is recycled after passing water treatment system, achieving drainage standards.

5.2 Effect analysis

HEMS system is successfully applied in Xuzhou coal mines such as Jiahe, Sanhejian and Zhangshuanglou coal mine, the results shows that the underground cooling is obvious and efficient, while the heating on the ground is steady and reliable. Detailed data are shown in the following sub-sections.

5.2.1 Underground cooling effect

In the operation process, there are a great deal of features and data during the system operating each day. As is shown (Figs. 8, 9), the temperature of intake wind at working face is 30.5 °C, and decreasing to 22.6 °C when passing the cooling machine, reaching the working face around 26.4 °C. The temperature at corner point C of working face is controlled to reduce by 6 °C than that in the same period of 2006, 34.5 °C, meeting the production requirements. By the data analysis of the whole cooling season, temperature decreasing scope is 4–6 °C, and the system reduces not only the temperature, but also the humidity by 5 %–10 %.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Cooling effect on working face 7446

Full size image
Fig. 9
figure 9

Analysis of relative humidity variation on working face 7446

Full size image

The overall running effect shows that the temperature controlled on working face is steady, around 26–29 °C, compared with the average temperature on working face before operating the system, which decreases by 4–6 °C after operating our system; relative humidity of intake wind decreases most after passing HEMS-II cooling device, relative humidity of roadway wind continuously rises when conveyed to working face, the relative humidity at controlling point C is 96.4 %, and that at air intake vent is 83 %. Relative humidity on working face before operating the system is 100 %, so after operating the system the relative humidity decreases by 3.6 %–17 %, largely improving the working environment for workers.

5.2.2 Ground heating effect

The designation of water temperature for heating is 60 °C, and the return water is 50 °C. Figure 10 shows the running data of HEMS-III heating unit for 24 h, fully meeting the heating requirements. The temperature of water supplied for the unit is fluctuating around 60 °C, because of the automatic control of supplied and returned water temperature; when the temperature of unit reaches the designed 60 °C, the unit would restart to meet heating requirements.

Fig. 10
figure 10

Ground heating running data

Full size image

6 Conclusions

This paper, aiming at deep mine heat-harm control and utilization of thermal heat, introduced the development and field test of HEMS, getting conclusions as following:

  1. (1)

    By the analysis of current situation of mines in eastern China, summarize the main problems faced in deep mines, the heat-harm control, energy waste and environmental pollution problems by ground coal-firing boiler.

  2. (2)

    Three modes of mines with heat-harm are introduced, Jiahe mode, Sanhejian mode and Zhangshuanglou mode, according to plenty of analysis of background information about temperature variation and hydro conditions in mines with heat-harm.

  3. (3)

    HEMS has been successfully developed and put into field tests, with the medium of mine water, thermal energy capture is achieved by exchanging while controlling the heat-harm on working face, and the ground coal-firing boiler can be replaced.

  4. (4)

    Field application has been taken at Jiahe, Sanhejian, Zhangshuanglou coal mines of Xuzhou Mining Group. After the system operating, the temperature at underground working face could be controlled around 26–30 °C, decreasing 5–7 °C, and the relative humidity decreasing 5 %–15 %, largely improving the working environment at working face. At the meanwhile, the ground coal-firing boiler were replaced by deep geo-thermal energy, saving 10,000 t coal, CO2 emission was decreased for 17,000 t, SO2 for about 100 t, with great significance in energy saving and environmental protection.