Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
To the editor:
We read with interest the narrative review by Drosos et al. concerning colchicine as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2, its mode of action, its pleiotropic effects on neutrophils, its inhibition of the inflammasome, and its anti-viral activity [1]. It was concluded that there is ample evidence that colchicine is effective, safe, and easy to use and therefore a promising drug for the treatment of severe COVID-19 [1]. The review is attractive but raises concerns that need to be discussed.
We disagree that colchicine is an effective therapeutic option for COVID-19 [1]. There are a number of conflicting results. Several studies have shown that colchicine does not prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 [2], nor can morbidity or mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infections be improved by continuous use of colchicine [3]. In a retrospective study of 14,520 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2, seven of those who took colchicine regularly prior to PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 71) were SARS-CoV-2 positive (0.53%) and 64 were SARS-CoV-2 negative (0.48%) [2]. The absence of a significant difference (p = 0.817) speaks against an effect in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections [2]. A meta-analysis of four randomized control trials (RCTs) on the effect of colchicine in COVID-19 patients showed no significant effect of colchicine on mortality [3]. A meta-analysis of ten RCTs using the random-effect model to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) of mortality and the confidence interval (CI), showed no significant difference in the odds for mortality (pooled OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.53–1.07) [4]. According to the RECOVERY trial with 11,340 COVID-19 patients, colchicine showed no evidence of clinical benefits in terms of mortality, hospitalization, or disease progression [5]. The authors of this study concluded that colchicine should not be used in clinical practice or used in clinical research without conducting additional large RCTs [5].
We also disagree that colchicine is safe in COVID-19 patients [1]. Although no systematic studies on the safety profile of colchicine have been conducted, there are several case reports and case studies showing that colchicine has not only beneficial but also undesirable effects. A 64-year-old male taking colchicine for gouty arthritis developed quadruparesis with proximal predominance, accompanied by severely elevated muscle enzymes and a myogenic electromyography (EMG) [6]. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in a speedy recovery [6]. A systematic review of 36 observational studies showed that there is evidence that colchicine is associated with an increased risk of infections, particularly pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and Helicobacter pylori and Clostridium difficile infections [7].
A third point to note is that interactions between colchicine and several other drugs have been reported. In particular, patients receiving statins or fibrates in addition to colchicine may develop myopathy. In a safety meta-analysis of four studies involving 11,594 patients with cardiovascular disease, serious drug–drug interactions were identified not only between colchicine and lipid-lowering drugs, but also between colchicine and carvedilol, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil and diltiazem), and amiodarone, digoxin, and quinidine [8].
Overall, the interesting review has some limitations which call its results and its interpretations into question. More RCTs are needed before evaluating the efficacy of colchicine in COVID-19 on morbidity, number and duration of hospitalizations, and mortality. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
References
Drosos AA, Pelechas E, Drossou V, Voulgari PV. Colchicine against SARS-CoV-2 infection: what is the evidence? Rheumatol Ther. 2022;2:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-022-00425-0.
Gendelman O, Amital H, Bragazzi NL, Watad A, Chodick G. Continuous hydroxychloroquine or colchicine therapy does not prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2: insights from a large healthcare database analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7): 102566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102566.
Zein AFMZ, Raffaello WM. Effect of colchicine on mortality in patients with COVID-19—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16(2): 102395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102395.
Kow CS, Lee LH, Ramachandram DS, Hasan SS, Ming LC, Goh HP. The effect of colchicine on mortality outcome and duration of hospital stay in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022;10(2):255–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.562.
Ghaith HS, Gabra MD, Nafady MH, Elshawah HE, Negida A, Kamal MA. A review of the rational and current evidence on colchicine for COVID-19. Curr Pharm Des. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612827666211210142352.
Al Megalli M, Bashir S, Qadah H, Ameen O, Al-Harbi TM. Colchicine-induced acute myopathy: case study from Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2021;13(12): e20290. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20290.
McEwan T, Robinson PC. A systematic review of the infectious complications of colchicine and the use of colchicine to treat infections. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):101–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.11.007.
Şen S, Karahan E, Büyükulaş C, Polat YO, Üresin AY. Colchicine for cardiovascular therapy: a drug interaction perspective and a safety meta-analysis. Anatol J Cardiol. 2021;25(11):753–61. https://doi.org/10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.707.
Acknowledgements
Funding
No funding was received for the publication of this article.
Disclosures
Josef Finsterer has nothing to disclose.
Authorship
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.
Author Contribution
JF: design, literature search, discussion, first draft, critical comments, final approval.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Finsterer, J. Letter to the Editor Regarding “Colchicine Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What is the Evidence?”. Rheumatol Ther 9, 1229–1231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-022-00456-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-022-00456-7