•• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The state of the world’s forests, 2018: forest pathways to sustainable development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2018. The State of the World’s Forests 2018 provides detailed analysis aimed at capturing the contribution of forests and trees to 28 targets relating to ten sustainable development goals.
Chao S. Forest peoples: numbers across the world. UK: Moreton-in-Marsh; 2012.
Google Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Forests and the forestry sector. 2016. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57478/en/ind/. Accessed 6 Mar 2019.
UNCED. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Annex III. Non-legally binding authoritative statement of Principles for a global consensus on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests: A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. III); 1992.
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The ecosystem approach: CBD Guidelines 2004. Montreal.
Maes J, Paracchini ML, Zulian G. A European assessment of the provision of ecosystem services: towards an atlas of ecosystem services. Luxembourg: Publications Office; 2011.
Google Scholar
Berrahmouni N, Regato P, Parfondry M. Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands: building resilience and benefiting livelihoods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome; 2015.
Google Scholar
Belcher BM. What isn’t an NTFP? Int For Rev. 2003;5:161–8. https://doi.org/10.1505/IFOR.5.2.161.17408.
Article
Google Scholar
Chamberlain JL, Mitchell D, Brigham T, Hobby T, Zabek L, Davis J. Forest farming practices. In: Garrett HE, editor. North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice. 2nd ed. Madison WI: American Society of Agronomy; 2009. p. 219–55.
Google Scholar
Sheppard JP, Santos e Silva C, Louro R, Stara K, Belova O, Spiecker H. Identification and ecology of NWFP species. In: Vacik H, Hale M, Spiecker H, Pettenella D, Tomé M, editors. Production and Outcomes of the COST Action FP1203: European non-wood forest products (NWFPs) network.; Forthcoming.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Towards a harmonized definition of non-wood forest products. 1999. http://www.fao.org/3/x2450e/x2450e0d.htm#fao%20forestry. Accessed 25 Apr 2019.
Chamberlain J, Bush R, Hammett AL. Non-timber forest products: the other forest products. For Prod J. 1998;48:10–20.
Google Scholar
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Sustainable management of non-timber forest resources. Montreal; 2001.
•• Chamberlain JL, Emery MR, Patel-Weynand T. Assessment of nontimber forest products in the United States under changing conditions. Asheville, NC: Forest Service; 2018. This report is a forest-sector-wide assessment of the state of the knowledge regarding NTFP science and management information for US forests and rangelands.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Forests, trees and food. 1992. http://www.fao.org/3/u5620e/U5620E00.HTM.
Deafalla THH, Dafa-Alle DM, El Abbas MM. The importance of non wood forest products for rural livelihoods: the case of South Kordofan state, Sudan. In: Behnassi M, Shahid SA, Mintz-Habib N, editors. Science, policy and politics of modern agricultural system: global context to local dynamics of sustainable agriculture. / Mohamed Behnassi, Shabbir A. Shahid, Nazia Mintz-Habib, editors. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 323–332.
Maghembe JA. Achievements in the establishment of indigenous fruit trees of miombo woodland of southern Africa. In: Maghembe JA, Ntupanyama Y, Chirwa PW, editors; 23–27 January 1994; Mangochi, Malawi. Nairobi: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry; 1995.
Saka DJ. The nutritional value of edible fruits. In: Maghembe JA, Ntupanyama Y, Chirwa PW, editors; 23–27 January 1994; Mangochi, Malawi. Nairobi: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry; 1995.
Muok BO, Owuor B, Dawson I, Were J. The potential of indigenous fruit trees: results of a survey in Kitui District, Kenya. Agroforestry today. 2001;12:13–5.
Google Scholar
Egea I, Sánchez-Bel P, Romojaro F, Pretel MT. Six edible wild fruits as potential antioxidant additives or nutritional supplements. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010;65:121–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-010-0159-3.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Arnold JEM, Ruiz PM. Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives? Ecol Econ. 2001;39:437–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00236-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Guariguata MR, García-Fernández C, Sheil D, Nasi R, Herrero-Jáuregui C, Cronkleton P, et al. Compatibility of timber and non-timber forest product management in natural tropical forests: perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. For Ecol Manag. 2010;259:237–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.013.
Article
Google Scholar
Morhart CD, Douglas GC, Dupraz C, Graves AR, Nahm M, Paris P, et al. Alley coppice—a new system with ancient roots. Ann For Sci. 2014;71:527–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0373-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Sheppard JP. Options for management of high value timber within temperate agroforestry systems [doctoral thesis]. Freiburg im Breisgau: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br.; 2016.
Tomé M, Cañellas I, Bonet JA, Paulo JA, Palma JHN, Martínez de Aragón J, et al. Resource and management: novel management concepts to boost product diversity and higher product flows. In: Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R, editors. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. Joensuu: European Forest Institute; 2019. p. 104–110.
Taylor DA. Ginseng, the divine root: the curious history of the plant that captivated the world. 1st ed. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill; 2006.
Google Scholar
Bugge M, Hansen T, Klitkou A. What is the bioeconomy? A review of the literature. Sustainability. 2016;8:691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070691.
Article
Google Scholar
•• Wolfslehner B. Non-wood forest products - an introduction. In: Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R, editors. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. Joensuu: European Forest Institute; 2019. p. 9–10. A comprehensive description of the current state of the art of the NWFP sector in Europe, providing analysis of the present situation with suggestions for future innovation.
Forest Europe. State of Europe’s forests 2015; 2015.
Google Scholar
Yin D, Li S, Wu, Quien, Feng, Chengyong, Li, Bing, Wang Q, Wang L, Xu W. Advances in research of six woody oil crops in China. Chinese Bulletin of Botany 2018;53:110–125.
Iqbal M. Trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome; 1995.
Google Scholar
Shanley P, Pierce AR, Laird SA, Binnqüist CL, Guariguata MR. From lifelines to livelihoods: non-timber forest products into the 21st century. In: Pancel L, Köhl M, editors. Tropical Forestry Handbook. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2016. p. 2713–2760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54601-3_209.
Google Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). State of the world’s forests. Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2014. p. 2014.
Google Scholar
Vantomme P. FAO. Personal Communication.
EUROSTAT. Agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics: 2018 edition. Luxembourg; 2018.
Pettenella D, Corradini G, Da Re R, Lovric M, Vidale E. NWFPs in Europe - consumption, markets and marketing tools. In: Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R, editors. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. Joensuu: European Forest Institute; 2019. p. 31–53.
Google Scholar
Agustino S, Mataya B, Senelwa K, Achigan-Dako GE, editors. Non-wood forest products and services for socio-economic development: a compendium for technical and professional forestry education. Nairobi, Kenya: The African Forestry Forum; 2011.
Google Scholar
Chamberlain J, Teets A, Kruger S. Nontimber forest products in the United States: an analysis for the 2015 National Sustainable Forest Report. NC: Asheville; 2018.
Google Scholar
Chamberlain JL, Prisley S, McGuffin M. Understanding the relationships between American ginseng harvest and hardwood forests inventory and timber harvest to improve co-management of the forests of Eastern United States. J Sustain For. 2013;32:605–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2013.798828.
Article
Google Scholar
Farrell M, Chabot B. Assessing the growth potential and economic impact of the U.S. maple syrup industry. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. 2012;2:11–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2012.022.009.
Handler SD, Swanston CW, Butler PR, La Brandt, Janowiak MK, Powers MD, Shannon PD. Climate change vulnerabilities within the forestry sector for the Midwestern United States. In: Winkler JA, Andresen JA, Hatfield JL, Bidwell D, Brown D, editors. U.S. National Climate Assessment Midwest Technical Input Report. Washington D.C.; 2012.
Stryamets N, Elkbakidze M, Chamberlain JL, Angelstam P. Governance of non-wood forest products in Russia and Ukraine: institutional rules, stakeholder arrangements, and decision-making processes. Land Use Policy. accepted October 2019:15pp.
Krasova EV, Sun Y. Features of development of food products and agricultural raw materials’ export in Russian regions on example of the Far Eastern Federal District. RJOAS. 2017;64:203–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2017-04.26.
Google Scholar
Koraykin VN. Cedar-broadleaved forests in the Russian Far East (dynamics, condition, use of forest resources, rehabilitation). Khabarovsk; 2007.
Vivodtcev NV, Vivodtceva AN, Kobayashi R. Korean pine in the Khabarovsk Territory and outlook for its recovery. Khabarovsk; 2016.
Krechetova NV, Shteinikova VI. Korean pine fruiting. Khabarovsk; 1963.
Izmodenov AG. Overall evaluation of edible, medicinal, forage plant resources of the forest in the Far East. Lesnoe khoziaistvo. 1984;9.
Sukhomirov GI. Taiga wildlife management in the Russian Far East. Khabarovsk; 2007.
EIA. Liquidating the forests: hardwood flooring, organized crime and the world’s last Siberian tigers. Washington, DC; 2013.
Lepeshkin E. Законодательные основы использования недревесных ресурсов леса: барьеры на пути развития сельских территорий и их преодоление [Legal framework for the use of NTFP: barriers to rural development and overcoming them]. In: WWF Russia, editor; 16.11.2018; Vladivostok; 16.11.2018.
Zhou L. The development situation of non-wood product forests in China and the supporting policy of national government - I. National Land Greening. 2018;1:39–41.
Google Scholar
Kumar A, Kumar R, Lakhchaura PC. Global forest resources assessment 2015: country report India. Rome; 2015.
Joshi S. Super market, secretive. Exploitative, is the market in the minor forest produce unmanageable? Down to Earth. 2003;28.
Mitchell CP, Corrbridge SE, Jewitt SL, Mahapatra AK, Kumar S. Non timber forest products: availability, production, consumption, management and marketing in eastern India: final technical report; 2003.
Wong JLG, Wiersum KF. A spotlight on NWFP in Europe. In: Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R, editors. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. Joensuu: European Forest Institute; 2019. p. 11–30.
Google Scholar
Leakey RRB, Temu AB, Melnyk M, Vantomme P, editors. Domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products; 1996.
Lowore J. Miombo woodlands and rural livelihoods in Malawi: an in-depth analysis and critical review based on literature research. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR; 2006.
Corona P, Cutini A, Chiavetta U, Paoletti E. Forest-food nexus: a topical opportunity for human well-being and silviculture. Annals of Silvicultural Research. 2016;40:1–10.
Google Scholar
Angelsen A, Jagger P, Babigumira R, Belcher B, Hogarth NJ, Bauch S, et al. Environmental income and rural livelihoods: a global-comparative analysis. World Dev. 2014;64:12–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.006.
Article
Google Scholar
•• Wiersum KF, Wong JLG, Vacik H. Perspectives on non-wood forest product development in Europe. International Forestry Review. 2018;20:250–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1505/146554818823767546. This article analyses emerging perspectives on NWFP development in Europe and relates these to four main issues affecting NWFP developments in tropical countries.
Google Scholar
Wong JLG, Prokofieva I, editors. Report presenting synthesis of regional sectoral reviews to describe the “State of the European NWFP”: StarTree deliverable D1.3: European Commision; 2014.
Lovric M, Da Re R, Vidale E, Prokofieva I, Wong JLG, Pettenella D, Mavsar R. Collection and consumption of wild forest products in Europe . In: Startree, editor. Wild forest products in Europe; 13–14 October 2016; Barcelona; 13–14 October 2016. p. 45.
Vacik H, Hale M, Spiecker H, Pettenella D, Tomé M, editors. Production and outcomes of the COST Action FP1203: European non-wood forest products (NWFPs) network.; Forthcoming.
Tieguhong JC, Ndoye O, Tchatat M, Chikamai B. Processing and marketing of non-wood forest products for poverty alleviation in Africa. Discov Innov. 2009;21:60–5.
Google Scholar
Desalegn G, Tadesse W. Socio-economic importance and resource potential of non-timber forest products of Ethiopia. In: Tadesse W, Mbogga M, editors. First national workshop on non-timber forest products in Ethiopia; 5–6 April 2004; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5–6 April 2004. p. 18.
Teketay D, Eshete A. Status of indigenous fruit in Ethiopia. In: Chikamai B, Eyog-Matig O, Mbogga M, editors. Review and appraisal on the status of indigenous fruits in eastern Africa: a report prepared for IPGRI-SAFORGEN in the framework of AFREA/FORNESSA. Nairobi: Kenya; 2004. p. 3–35.
Google Scholar
Balemie K, Kebebew F. Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Derashe and Kucha districts, South Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2006;2:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-53.
Article
Google Scholar
• Rasolofoson RA, Hanauer MM, Pappinen A, Fisher B, Ricketts TH. Impacts of forests on children’s diet in rural areas across 27 developing countries. Sci Adv. 2018;4:eaat2853. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2853. Innovative study linking forests to children’s diet in developing countries; the study indicates that forest can attribute a greater dietary diversity to children who are exposed to forest ecosystems.
Google Scholar
Akinnifesi FK, Kwesiga FR, Mhango J, Mkonda A, Chilanga T, Swai R. Domesticating priority miombo indigenous fruit trees as a promising livelihood option for small-holder farmers in Southern Africa. Acta Hortic. 2002;632:15–30.
Google Scholar
Teklehaymanot T, Giday M. Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants of Kara and Kwego semi-pastoralist people in Lower Omo River Valley, Debub Omo Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2010;6:23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-23.
Google Scholar
Bauer J, Kniivilä M, Schmithüsen F. Forest legislation in Europe: how 23 countries approach the obligation to reforest public access and use of non-wood forest products. Geneva: United Nations; 2004.
•• Nichiforel L, Keary K, Deuffic P, Weiss G, Thorsen BJ, Winkel G, et al. How private are Europe’s private forests? A comparative property rights analysis. Land Use Policy. 2018;76:535–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.034. A comprehensive European scale comparison of property rights relating to forests.
Google Scholar
Bouriaud L. Property rights characteristics relevant for innovation and enterprise development in small-scale forestry. Small-scale Forestry. 2007;6:359–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-007-9027-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Ostrom E, Schlager E. The formation of property rights. In: Hanna S, Folke C, Mäler K-G, editors. Rights to nature: ecological, economic, cultural, and political principles of institutions for the environment: Island Press; 1996. p. 127–156.
Yan R, Liang W. The theoretical analysis of non-wood product forest intensity lag and its revelation. China Price (Zhongguo Wujia). 2019;3:64–6.
Google Scholar
Boa ER. Wild edible fungi: a global overview of their use and importance to people. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Rome; 2004.
Google Scholar
Ticktin T, Shackleton CM. Harvesting non-timber forest products sustainably: opportunities and challenges. In: Shackleton S, Shackleton CM, Shanley P, editors. Non-timber forest products in the global context. Heidelberg, London: Springer; 2011. p. 254–9.
Google Scholar
Prokofieva I, Bouriaud L, Corradini G, Górriz E, Kouplevatskaya-Buttoud I, Nichiforel L. Policy framework for -NWFPs - demands and barriers. In: Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R, editors. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. Joensuu: European Forest Institute; 2019. p. 55–74.
Google Scholar
Frey GE, Blatner KA, Jacobson MG, Starbuck Downes CM, Sills EO, Mercer DE, et al. Economics of non-timber forest products. In: Chamberlain JL, Emery MR, Patel-Weynand T, editors. Assessment of nontimber forest products in the United States under changing conditions. Asheville, NC: Forest Service; 2018. p. 120–49.
Google Scholar
Russian Federation. Forest code of the Russian Federation; 2006.
Bhattacharya P. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) related policy and legal issues in India: promoting NTFP-based livelihoods for forest dwellers: results of a practitioner workshop. Hyderabad, Telangana; 2015.
Bhullar L. The Indian forest rights act 2006: a critical appraisal. Law, Environment and Development Journal. 2008;4/1:22–34.
Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. Science. 1968;162:1243–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and supply of medicinal plants in India. NMPB, New Delhi & FRLHT: Bangalore, India; 2007.
Google Scholar
Chamberlain JL, Small CJ, Baumflek M. Sustainable production of temperate and boreal nontimber forest products: examples from North America. In: Stanturf J, editor. Achieving sustainable forestry: Vol. 1 Boreal and temperate forests. Cambridge: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing; 2019.
Google Scholar
•• Chamberlain JL, Small CJ, Baumflek M. Sustainable forest management for nontimber products. Sustainability. 2019;11:2670. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092670. This article examines three elements of sustainable forest management for non-timber products (sociocultural, economic and ecological) and elaborates with detailed examples of edible and medicinal species from forests in the USA.
Google Scholar
FAO. Report of the International Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products: Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 17–27 January 1995. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Schmidt JP, Cruse-Sanders J, Chamberlain JL, Ferreira S, Young JA. Explaining harvests of wild-harvested herbaceous plants: American ginseng as a case study. Biol Conserv. 2019;231:139–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.006.
Article
Google Scholar
Gordon HS. The economic theory of a common-property resource: the fishery. J Polit Econ. 1954;62:124–42.
Google Scholar
Binkley CS. Long-run timber supply: price elasticity, inventory elasticity, and the use of capital in timber production. Nat Resour Model. 1993;7:163–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.1993.tb00145.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Frey GE, Chamberlain JL, Prestemon JP. The potential for a backward-bending supply curve of non-timber forest products: an empirical case study of wild American ginseng production. Forest Policy Econ. 2018;97:97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.09.011.
Article
Google Scholar
Richardson RB. Ecosystem services and food security: economic perspectives on environmental sustainability. Sustainability. 2010;2:3520–48. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2113520.
Article
Google Scholar
Torres-Vitolas CA, Harvey CA, Cruz-Garcia GS, Vanegas-Cubillos M, Schreckenberg K. The socio-ecological dynamics of food insecurity among subsistence-oriented indigenous communities in Amazonia: a qualitative examination of coping strategies among riverine communities along the Caquetá River, Colombia. Hum Ecol 2019;47:355–368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-0074-7.
Google Scholar
UNEP. Sahel atlas of changing landscapes: tracing trends and variations in vegetation cover and soil condition. Nairobi: Kenya; 2012.
Google Scholar
Tadesse W, Desalegn G, Alia R. Natural gum and resin bearing species of Ethiopia and their potential applications. Invest. Agrar.: Sist. Recur. For. 2007;16:211. doi:https://doi.org/10.5424/srf/2007163-01010.
Google Scholar
Eshete A. The frankincense tree of Ethiopia: ecology, productivity and population dynamics [doctoral dissertation]. Wageningen: Wageningen Universiteit; 2011.
Leach HB, van der Stege C, Vogl CR. Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) management strategies in the midst of conflict and change: a Dogon case study from Mali. Hum Ecol. 2011;39:597–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9415-x.
Article
Google Scholar
Moussa B, Nkonya E, Meyer S, Kato E, Johnson T, Hawkins J. Economics of land degradation and improvement in Niger. In: Nkonya E, Mirzabaev A, von Braun J, editors. Economics of land degradation and improvement – a global assessment for sustainable development. New York: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 499–539.
Google Scholar
Ticktin T. The ecological sustainability of harvesting non-timber forest products: principles and methods. In: Shackleton CM, Pandey A, Ticktin T, editors. Ecological sustainability for non-timber forest products: dynamics and case studies of harvesting: Earthscan Routledge; 2015. p. 31–52.
Messier C, Puettmann K, Chazdon R, Andersson KP, Angers VA, Brotons L, et al. From management to stewardship: viewing forests as complex adaptive systems in an uncertain world. Conserv Lett. 2015;8:368–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12156.
Article
Google Scholar
Ruiz Pérez M. A conceptual framework for CIFOR’s research on non-wood forest products: working paper 6. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); 1995.
Dlamini CS, Geldenhuys CJ. Towards a theoretical framework for the management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Swaziland: a review. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. 2011;4:715–30.
Google Scholar
Schunko C, Lechthaler S, Vogl C. Conceptualising the factors that influence the commercialisation of non-timber forest products: the case of wild plant gathering by organic herb farmers in South Tyrol (Italy). Sustainability. 2019;11:2028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072028.
Article
Google Scholar
Sheppard JP, Mangold L, Spiecker H. Revised silvicultural guidelines for selected MPT and NWFPs: StarTree Deliverable 2.3. FP7 Project no 311919 KBBE.2012.1.2–06; 2016.
Sheppard JP. Multipurpose trees & non-wood forest products: a challenge and opportunity for European silviculture. In: FVA Baden- Württemberg, editor; 18–22 September 2017; Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg: Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt (FVA) Baden-Württemberg; 2017. p. 616.
Yadav M, Dugaya D. Non-timber forest products certification in India: opportunities and challenges. Environ Dev Sustain. 2013;15:567–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9393-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Weiss G, Ludvig A, Asamer-Handler M, Fischer CR, Vacik H, Zivojinovic I. Rendering NWFPs innovative. In: Wolfslehner B, Prokofieva I, Mavsar R, editors. Non-wood forest products in Europe: seeing the forest around the trees. Joensuu: European Forest Institute; 2019. p. 77–97.
Google Scholar
Mutke S, Bonet JA, Calado N, Calvo J, Taghouti I, Redondo C, et al. Innovation networks on Mediterranean non-wood forest products. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering. 2019;3:1–10.
Google Scholar
European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the regions: a new EU Forest strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector. Brussels, Belgium; 2013.
Chamberlain JL. The management of national forests of Eastern United States for non-timber forest products [PhD dissertation]. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2000.
Google Scholar
Teplyakov VK. Current trends in the Russian Far East forest sector. For Sci Technol. 2011;7:103–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2011.594603.
Article
Google Scholar
Kovalev AP, Matveev AG, Kovalev CA. Trends and state of the forest resources of the Far East. TOGU Vestnik. 2012;27:161–8.
Google Scholar
Small CJ, McCarthy BC. Relationship of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2005;217:229–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.004.
Google Scholar
Elliott KJ, Vose JM, Rankin D. Herbaceous species composition and richness of mesophytic cove forests in the southern Appalachians: synthesis and knowledge gaps. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 2014;141:39–71. https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00054.1.
Article
Google Scholar
Kurttila M, Pukkala T, Miina J. Synergies and trade-offs in the production of NWFPs predicted in boreal forests. Forests. 2018;9:417. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070417.
Article
Google Scholar
Whigham DF. Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2004;35:583–621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105708.
Article
Google Scholar
Ellum DS. Demographic patterns and disturbance responses of understory vegetation in a managed forest of southern New England: implications for sustainable forestry and biodiversity maintenance [PhD dissertation]. New Haven, CT: Yale University; 2007.
Google Scholar
Meier AJ, Bratton SP, Duffy DC. Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal-herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forests. Ecol Appl. 1995;5:935–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269344.
Article
Google Scholar
Duguid MC, Frey BR, Ellum DS, Kelty M, Ashton MS. The influence of ground disturbance and gap position on understory plant diversity in upland forests of southern New England. For Ecol Manag. 2013;303:148–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.018.
Article
Google Scholar
Pilz D, Molina R, Mayo J. Effects of thinning young forests on chanterelle mushroom production. Journal of Forestry. 104(1): 9–14. 2006;104:9–14.
Hummel S. Managing structural and compositional diversity with silviculture. In: Monserud RA, Haynes RW, Johnson AC, editors. Compatible forest management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ; 2003. p. 85–119.
Google Scholar
Zhou L. The development situation of non-wood product forests in China and the supporting policy of national government - II. National Land Greening. 2018;2:22–4.
Google Scholar
Sheppard JP. Embracing compromise: forest management for wild forest products. Reforesting Scotland. 2017;55:14–5.
Google Scholar
Monserud RA, Haynes RW, Johnson AC. Compatible forest management: background and context. In: Monserud RA, Haynes RW, Johnson AC, editors. Compatible forest management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publ; 2003. p. 3–32.
Google Scholar
Agúndez D, Lawali S, Mahamane A, Alía R, Soliño M. Consumer preferences for baobab products and implication for conservation and improvement policies of forest food resources in Niger (West Africa). Econ Bot. 2018:1–15.