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Restorative Justice and Trauma: Responding to the Needs and Misdeeds of Young People with Trauma Histories

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Abstract

Young people that offend evidence higher rates of trauma and post-traumatic distress than non-offending peers. Effects of post-traumatic distress also parallel research on some young people that participate in restorative justice (RJ) meetings who struggle with communication, emotionally withdraw, become agitated or defiant, evidence poor understanding of harms they have caused, or fail to demonstrate empathy or remorse. In this paper I suggest post-traumatic distress may explain some variation in RJ process and outcomes hitherto ignored in existing research. I also suggest research on trauma in young people raises four areas of concern for thinking about RJ as a “trauma-informed” practice, including impacts of trauma and post-traumatic distress on (1) oral language proficiency and non-verbal communication; (2) the experience and expression of emotions; (3) offender perceptions of fairness and respect; and (4) difficulties in behavioural changes following participation in RJ meetings. I conclude with discussion of challenges to and suggestions for using RJ as a trauma-informed practice in youth justice settings.

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Notes

  1. Suttle mediation refers to facilitated dialogue where parties are not face to face, but in separate locations. The facilitator “shuttles” back and forth between these locations (different rooms, online, or via phone) to conduct the mediation or meeting.

  2. Processes refer to quality and nature of “dialogue, relationship building, and communication of moral values”.

    (Presser & Van Voorhis, 2002, p. 67) that occur within an RJ meeting. Outcomes refer to measurement of the effects of RJ meetings on participants, for example victim satisfaction with offender accountability, participant’s views on procedural fairness and respect, or offender compliance with RJ agreements.

  3. For an overview of conferencing, VOM, and circles see Van Ness and Strong (2014).

  4. Gray’s (2005, pp. 947–948) research on a youth restorative justice in the UK found, for example, “almost half of young offenders who participated in the programme lived in deprived households, just over a quarter had experienced abuse, [and] a fifth had had their name placed on the child-protection register.”

  5. Fox et al. (2015, p. 164) note, “One of the most significant and recurring findings in the literature is that [serious, violent, and chronic offenders] are disproportionately victims of trauma, abuse, neglect, and maltreatment during childhood, as compared to the less severe or non-offending juvenile population.”

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The author would like to thank Margaret Thorsborne for helpful comments and suggestions on the revised version of this manuscript.

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    William R. Wood

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Wood, W.R. Restorative Justice and Trauma: Responding to the Needs and Misdeeds of Young People with Trauma Histories. Journ Child Adol Trauma (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-023-00589-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-023-00589-z

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