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Comparison of Pakistani CKD-EPI, new Asian-modified CKD-EPI and revised Lund–Malmö study equations in a South Asian CKD population: a study from a Pakistani CKD cohort

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Abstract

Background

Newly proposed estimating glomerular filtration rate equations need to be studied, evaluated and compared for chronic kidney disease staging, diagnosis and medication dosing in South Asians. The objectives of the study were (1) to assess the performance of the CKD-EPIPK, CKD-EPIAsian-Modified, and LMRevised equations in the Pakistani chronic kidney disease population, and (2) to investigate prospective implications on chronic kidney disease classification and end-stage kidney disease prevalence.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on a chronic kidney disease cohort of 385 participants 18 years of age or above.

Results

CKD-EPIPK showed the lowest bias (− 1.33 ml/min/1.73 m2), highest precision [IQR, 2.33 (− 2.36, − 0.03)] and enhanced P30 accuracy (89.35%) compared to the CKD-EPIAsian-Modified and LMRevised equations. The mean difference (ml/min/1.73 m2), 95% limit of agreement (ml/min/1.73 m2) of the equations were; CKD-EPIAsian-Modified: − 5.98, − 13.03, LMRevised: − 4.06, − 8.13 and CKD-EPIPK: − 1.18, − 6.14 (P < 0.001). CKD-EPIAsian-Modified and LMRevised showed upward re-classification of the GFR categories compared to the CKD-EPIPK equation except in the G5 category where the highest count (217, 56.36%) was noted for the CKD-EPIPK equation. End-stage kidney disease prevailed in all age groups according to all equations, and the prevalence was high in females in all equations.

Conclusion

CKD-EPIPK showed the best performance, whereas both CKD-EPIAsian-Modified and LMRevised showed poor performance and did not offer a sufficient advantage in chronic kidney disease classification and end-stage kidney disease prevalence estimation over CKD-EPIPK. Hence, CKD-EPIPK seems ideal for South Asians, thus appropriate measures should be taken for its implementation, at least in Pakistani laboratories.

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Acknowledgements

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Avenue 1, Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Johar Town, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan

    Aqsa Safdar, Waqas Akram, Mahtab Ahmad Khan & Muhammad Nadeem Alvi

Authors
  1. Aqsa Safdar
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  2. Waqas Akram
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  3. Mahtab Ahmad Khan
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  4. Muhammad Nadeem Alvi
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Contributions

WA conceived and supervised the study. AS conducted data collection and data analysis. AS wrote and edited the manuscript. WA, MAK and MNA reviewed and approved the paper.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aqsa Safdar.

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Conflict of interest

All the authors declare no competing interests. The authors had full responsibility for data collection, data interpretation, and writing of the report.

Research funding

None declared.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Allama Iqbal Medical College, Jinnah Hospital (ERB No. 167/23/12/2021/S2 ERB) in its 108th meeting dated: 23/12/2021.

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Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published article and its supplementary information files.

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Safdar, A., Akram, W., Khan, M.A. et al. Comparison of Pakistani CKD-EPI, new Asian-modified CKD-EPI and revised Lund–Malmö study equations in a South Asian CKD population: a study from a Pakistani CKD cohort. J Nephrol 37, 119–129 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-023-01749-y

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