Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) after kidney transplantation are associated with significant morbidity. However, data on the impact of UTI on graft survival are controversial. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 380 kidney transplant patients. Recipients with symptomatic UTIs during the first year after transplantation were categorized into three groups: early (< 3 episodes from months 1st to 6th), late (< 3 episodes during months 7th to 12th) and recurrent (≥ 3 episodes throughout the whole first year). Graft function at three years was considered the primary outcome. Symptomatic UTIs occurred in 184 (48.4%) kidney transplant recipients during the first year; 83 (21.8%) patients developed early UTIs, 50 (13.2%) late UTIs and 51 (13.4%) recurrent UTIs. We observed a significant improvement in graft function after three years in all patients (P < 0.001) except those who had recurrent UTIs. A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that recipients with recurrent UTIs had worse graft outcome (eGFR value < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) (P = 0.01). Recurrent UTIs was an independent predictor of graft function at three years in a model adjusted for DGF and episodes of acute rejection (Hazard Ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.5; P = 0.001). Recurrent symptomatic UTIs during the first year after transplantation have negative impact on long-term graft function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alangaden GJ, Thyagarajan R, Gruber SA, Morawski K, Garnick J, El-Amm JM, West MS, Sillix DH, Chandrasekar PH, Haririan A (2006) Infectious complications after kidney transplantation: current epidemiology and associated risk factors. Clin Transplant 20(4):401–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2006.00519.x
Alangaden G (2007) Urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Curr Infect Dis Rep 9(6):475–479
Chuang P, Parikh CR, Langone A (2005) Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation: a retrospective review at two US transplant centers. Clin Transplant 19(2):230–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00327.x
Ergin F, Arslan H, Yapar G, Karakayali H, Haberal M (2003) Urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 35(7):2685–2686
Pelle G, Vimont S, Levy PP, Hertig A, Ouali N, Chassin C, Arlet G, Rondeau E, Vandewalle A (2007) Acute pyelonephritis represents a risk factor impairing long-term kidney graft function. Am J Transplant 7(4):899–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01700.x
Takai K, Aoki A, Suga A, Tollemar J, Wilczek HE, Naito K, Groth CG (1998) Urinary tract infections following renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 30(7):3140–3141
Godaly G, Ambite I, Svanborg C (2015) Innate immunity and genetic determinants of urinary tract infection susceptibility. Curr Opin Infect Dis 28(1):88–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000127
Ak O, Yildirim M, Kucuk HF, Gencer S, Demir T (2013) Infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and infectious agents. Transplant Proc 45(3):944–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.080
Giral M, Pascuariello G, Karam G, Hourmant M, Cantarovich D, Dantal J, Blancho G, Coupel S, Josien R, Daguin P, Mechineau S, Soulillou JP (2002) Acute graft pyelonephritis and long-term kidney allograft outcome. Kidney Int 61(5):1880–1886. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00323.x
Schmaldienst S, Dittrich E, Horl WH (2002) Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation. Curr Opin Urol 12(2):125–130
Brown PD (2002) Urinary Tract Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients. Curr Infect Dis Rep 4(6):525–528
Rao KV, Andersen RC (1988) Long-term results and complications in renal transplant recipients. Observations in the second decade. Transplantation 45(1):45–52
Grekas D, Thanos V, Dioudis C, Alivanis P, Tourkantonis A (1993) Treatment of urinary tract infections with ciprofloxacin after renal transplantation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 31(6):309–311
Abbott KC, Swanson SJ, Richter ER, Bohen EM, Agodoa LY, Peters TG, Barbour G, Lipnick R, Cruess DF (2004) Late urinary tract infection after renal transplantation in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 44(2):353–362
Oguz Y, Bulucu F, Oktenli C, Doganci L, Vural A (2002) Infectious complications in 135 Turkish renal transplant patients. Cent Eur J Public Health 10(4):153–156
Ghasemian SM, Guleria AS, Khawand NY, Light JA (1996) Diagnosis and management of the urologic complications of renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 10(2):218–223
Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P, Nicolle LE, Infectious Diseases Society of A (2010) Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 50(5):625–663
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, Moran GJ, Nicolle LE, Raz R, Schaeffer AJ, Soper DE,, Infectious D, Infectious Diseases Society of A, European Society for M (2011) International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 52(5):e103–e120. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq257
Fiorentino M, Pesce F, Schena A, Simone S, Castellano G, Gesualdo L (2019) Updates on Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney transplantation. J Nephrol (In press)
Karuthu S, Blumberg EA (2012) Common infections in kidney transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7(12):2058–2070. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04410512
Saemann M, Horl WH (2008) Urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Invest 38 Suppl 2:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02014.x
Senger SS, Arslan H, Azap OK, Timurkaynak F, Cagir U, Haberal M (2007) Urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 39(4):1016–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.02.060
Sqalli TH, Laboudi A, Arrayhani M, Benamar L, Amar Y, Ouzeddoun N, Bayahia R, Rhou H (2008) Urinary tract infections in renal allograft recipients from living related donors. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 19(4):551–553
Memikoglu KO, Keven K, Sengul S, Soypacaci Z, Erturk S, Erbay B (2007) Urinary tract infections following renal transplantation: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 39(10):3131–3134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.10.005
Kamath NS, John GT, Neelakantan N, Kirubakaran MG, Jacob CK (2006) Acute graft pyelonephritis following renal transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 8(3):140–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00148.x
Bonkat G, Rieken M, Siegel FP, Frei R, Steiger J, Groschl I, Gasser TC, Dell-Kuster S, Rosenthal R, Gurke L, Wyler S, Bachmann A, Widmer AF (2012) Microbial ureteral stent colonization in renal transplant recipients: frequency and influence on the short-time functional outcome. Transpl Infect Dis 14(1):57–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00671.x
Vidal E, Torre-Cisneros J, Blanes M, Montejo M, Cervera C, Aguado JM, Len O, Carratala J, Cordero E, Bou G, Munoz P, Ramos A, Gurgui M, Borrell N, Fortun J, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious D (2012) Bacterial urinary tract infection after solid organ transplantation in the RESITRA cohort. Transpl Infect Dis 14(6):595–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00744.x
Meier-Kriesche HU, Ojo A, Hanson J, Cibrik D, Lake K, Agodoa LY, Leichtman A, Kaplan B (2000) Increased immunosuppressive vulnerability in elderly renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 69(5):885–889
Lee JR, Bang H, Dadhania D, Hartono C, Aull MJ, Satlin M, August P, Suthanthiran M, Muthukumar T (2013) Independent risk factors for urinary tract infection and for subsequent bacteremia or acute cellular rejection: a single-center report of 1166 kidney allograft recipients. Transplantation 96(8):732–738. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182a04997
Glazier DB, Jacobs MG, Lyman NW, Whang MI, Manor E, Mulgaonkar SP (1998) Urinary tract infection associated with ureteral stents in renal transplantation. Can J Urol 5(1):462–466
Almond PS, Matas A, Gillingham K, Dunn DL, Payne WD, Gores P, Gruessner R, Najarian JS (1993) Risk factors for chronic rejection in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 55(4):752–756; (discussion 756–757)
Goya N, Tanabe K, Iguchi Y, Oshima T, Yagisawa T, Toma H, Agishi T, Ota K, Takahashi K (1997) Prevalence of urinary tract infection during outpatient follow-up after renal transplantation. Infection 25(2):101–105
Rabkin DG, Stifelman MD, Birkhoff J, Richardson KA, Cohen D, Nowygrod R, Benvenisty AI, Hardy MA (1998) Early catheter removal decreases incidence of urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 30(8):4314–4316
de Souza RM, Olsburgh J (2008) Urinary tract infection in the renal transplant patient. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4(5):252–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneph0781
Papasotiriou M, Savvidaki E, Kalliakmani P, Papachristou E, Marangos M, Fokaefs E, Maroulis I, Karavias D, Goumenos DS (2011) Predisposing factors to the development of urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients and the impact on the long-term graft function. Ren Fail 33(4):405–410. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2011.568137
Dantas SR, Kuboyama RH, Mazzali M, Moretti ML (2006) Nosocomial infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and treatment implications associated with urinary tract and surgical site infections. J Hosp Infect 63(2):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2005.10.018
Rivera-Sanchez R, Delgado-Ochoa D, Flores-Paz RR, Garcia-Jimenez EE, Espinosa-Hernandez R, Bazan-Borges AA, Arriaga-Alba M (2010) Prospective study of urinary tract infection surveillance after kidney transplantation. BMC Infect Dis 10:245. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-245
Munoz P (2001) Management of urinary tract infections and lymphocele in renal transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 33(Suppl 1):S53–S57. https://doi.org/10.1086/320905
Lyerova L, Lacha J, Skibova J, Teplan V, Vitko S, Schuck O (2001) Urinary tract infection in patients with urological complications after renal transplantation with respect to long-term function and allograft survival. Ann Transplant 6(2):19–20
Ciszek M, Paczek L, Bartlomiejczyk I, Mucha K (2006) Urine cytokines profile in renal transplant patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Transplantation 81(12):1653–1657. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000226072.20185.f8
Dupont PJ, Psimenou E, Lord R, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ, Sweny P (2007) Late recurrent urinary tract infections may produce renal allograft scarring even in the absence of symptoms or vesicoureteric reflux. Transplantation 84(3):351–355. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000275377.09660.fa
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pesce, F., Martino, M., Fiorentino, M. et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients during the first-year influence long-term graft function: a single-center retrospective cohort study. J Nephrol 32, 661–668 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00591-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00591-5