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Association of aldehyde exposure with bone mineral density in the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES 2013–2014)

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Abstract

Purpose

The association between aldehyde exposure and bone health in humans remains unclear. This study was to evaluate the association of serum aldehydes with bone mineral density (BMD) and osteopenia/osteoporosis.

Methods

We analyzed the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cross-sectional data from 2013 to 2014. Weighted multivariate-adjusted linear regression and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between specific aldehydes and osteopenia/osteoporosis. Associations between aldehyde combinations and BMD were also evaluated using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) method.

Results

Compared with men in the first tertile, those in the third tertile of propanaldehyde concentration were negatively associated with proximal femur and lumbar spine BMD. Significant inverse associations were observed between benzaldehyde exposure and trochanter BMD in women. Benzaldehyde increased the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis 2.75-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 7.11] in the highest tertile in women compared to the lowest tertile concentration. In males, the prevalence of total femur, femur neck, and trochanter osteopenia/osteoporosis was significantly higher in the highest versus the lowest tertile of propanaldehyde exposure, with odds ratios (ORs) of 6.84 (95% CI = 2.33, 20.04), 2.72 (95% CI = 1.18, 6.27), and 3.26 (95% CI = 1.25, 8.56), respectively. RCS regression also showed decreased BMD continuously with increasing serum mixed aldehyde levels.

Conclusions

Serum aldehyde concentrations were associated with low BMD and high osteopenia/osteoporosis risk in adults, with propanaldehyde and benzaldehyde being the most critical. Co-exposure to aldehyde combinations was negatively correlated with BMD.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank members of the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the participants who enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Author notes

  1. P. Zhu and X. Xiong have equally contributed to this work and should be considered co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China

    P. Zhu, C. Chen & J. Ran

  2. Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China

    X. Xiong

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  1. P. Zhu
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  4. J. Ran
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Contributions

PZ, XFX, and CPC designed the study and collected the data. PZ, XFX, and JMR analyzed the data. PZ, CPC and JMR wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Ran.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethic approval

The National Center for Health Statistics institutional review board approved the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

Research involving human participants

NHANES was performed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and was approved by the institutional review board of the NCHS.

Informed consent

All participants provided written informed consent.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Fig. 1. Flowchart showing the selection of eligible participants

40618_2022_1840_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 2. Correlation between exposure to different aldehydes. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were determined between serum concentrations of six aldehydes in US adults from NHANES 2013-2014. Darker color represents higher levels of correlation coefficients. BNA, benzaldehyde; BTA, butyraldehyde; HPA, heptanaldehyde; HXA, hexanaldehyde; IOA, isopentanaldehyde; POA, propanaldehyde; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Supplementary file3 (DOCX 13 kb)

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Zhu, P., Xiong, X., Chen, C. et al. Association of aldehyde exposure with bone mineral density in the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES 2013–2014). J Endocrinol Invest 45, 2085–2096 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-022-01840-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-022-01840-4

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