Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A review on the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) in metabolic syndrome

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is a common problem world-wide and includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia disorders. It leads to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease. Allium sativum (garlic) has been documented to exhibit anti-diabetic, hypotensive, and hypolipidemic properties. This suggests a potential role of A. sativum in the management of metabolic syndrome; however, more studies should be conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. In this review, we discussed the most relevant articles to find out the role of A. sativum in different components of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Because human reports are rare, further studies are required to establish the clinical value of A. sativum in metabolic syndrome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G (2011) Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med 9:48

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Huang P (2009) A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2:231–237

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Talha J, Priyanka MAA (2011) Hypertension and herbal plants. Int Res J Pharm 2:26–30

    Google Scholar 

  4. Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H (2014) A review of the effects of Nigella sativa L. and its constituent, thymoquinone, in metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 37:1031–1040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M (2014) Review of the protective effects of rutin on the metabolic function as an important dietary flavonoid. J Endocrinol Invest 37:783–788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mikaili P, Maadirad S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S, Sarahroodi S (2013) therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16:1031–1048

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hosseinzadeh H, Behravan J, Ramezani M, Sarafraz S, Taghiabadi E (2011) Study of anti-tumor effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum (garlic) cloves using potato disc bioassay. Pharmacologyonline 21:881–888

    Google Scholar 

  8. Islam MS, Kusumoto Y, Al-Mamun MA (2011) Cytotoxicity and cancer (HeLa) cell killing efficacy of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract. J Sci Res 3:375–382

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tsubura A, Lai YC, Kuwata M, Uehara N, Yoshizawa K (2011) Anticancer effects of garlic and garlic-derived compounds for breast cancer control. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 11:249–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Goncagul G, Ayaz E (2010) Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine. J Anim Vet Adv 9:1–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Panpatil V, Tattari S, Kota N, Nimgulkar C, Polasa K (2013) In vitro evaluation on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of spice extracts of ginger, turmeric and garlic. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2:143–148

    Google Scholar 

  12. Newmat O, Muhitdinov A, Aminov S, Aliyev X (2013) Anti-inflammatory activity of garlic oil extract. Med Health Sci J 14:84–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hosseinzadeh H, Sadati N (2003) The protective effect of Allium sativum L. Clove aqueous and methanolic extracts against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice. Phytother Res 17:279–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Perelló A, Noll U, Slusarenko AJ (2013) In vitro efficacy of garlic extract to control fungal pathogens of wheat. J Med Plant Res 7:1809–1817

    Google Scholar 

  15. Motsei ML, Lindsey KL, Staden JV, Jager AK (2003) Screening of traditionally used South African plants for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. J Ethnopharmacol 86:235–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Aala F, Yusuf UK, Khodavandi A, Jamal F (2010) In vitro antifungal activity of allicin alone and in combination with two medications against six dermatophytic fungi African J. Microbiol Res 4:380–385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Clement F, Siddanakoppalu NP, Yeldur PV (2010) Identity of the immunomodulatory proteins from garlic (Allium sativum) with the major garlic lectins or agglutinins. Int Immunopharmacol 10:316–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dash P, Yadav S, Sahoo PK (2014) Immunoadjuvant effect of garlic (Allium sativum)–mineral oil suspension on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rohu, Labeo rohita. Int Aquat Res 6:167–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Tattelman E, Einstein A (2005) Health effects of garlic. Am Fam Physician 72:103–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Majewski M (2014) Allium sativum: facts and myths regarding human health. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 65(1):1–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M (2008) Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys Ther 88:1254–1264

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ghorbani A (2013) Best herbs for managing diabetes: a review of clinical studies. Braz J Pharm Sci 49:413–422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ghorbani A (2013) Phytotherapy for diabetic dyslipidemia: evidence from clinical trials. Clin Lipidol 8:311–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kamyab H, Hejrati S, Khanavi M, Malihi F, Mohammadrad A, Baeeri M (2010) Hepatic mechanisms of the walnut antidiabetic effect in mice. Cent Eur J Biol 5:304–309

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shafiee-Nich R, Parizadeh SMR, Zokaei N, Ghorbani (2011) A effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of vaccinium arctostaphylos on insulin release from rat-isolated langerhans islets. Koomesh 12:447–452

    Google Scholar 

  26. Shafiee-Nich R, Parizadeh SMR, Zokaei N, Ghorbani (2012) Effects of Ganoderma lucidum hydroalcoholic extract on insulin release in rat-isolated pancreatic islets. Avicenna J Phytomed 2:206–211

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sheela CG, Augusti KT (1992) Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 30:523–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sheela CG, Kumud K, Augusti KT (1995) Antidiabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta Med 61:356–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kasuga S, Ushijima M, Morihara N (1999) Effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on hyperglycemia induced by immobilization stress in mice. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1999:191–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Liu C-T, Hse H, Lii C-K, Chen P-S, Sheen L-Y (2005) Effects of garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide on glycemic control in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 516:165–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mathew PT, Augusti KT (1973) Studies on the effect of allicin (diallyl disulphide-oxide) on alloxan diabetes: Part I—Hypoglycaemic action and enhancement of serum insulin effect and glycogen synthesis. Indian J Biochem Biophys 10:209–212

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hashem RM, Mahmoud MF, El-Moselhy MA, Soliman HM (2008) Interleukin-10 to tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio is a predictive biomarker in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: interleukin-10 to tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio in steatohepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:995–1001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rajanikanth V, Maheswara P, Raju TN (2008) Attenuation of streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in hepatic and intestinal tissues of wistar rat by methanolic-garlic extract. Acta Diabetol 45:243–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mariee AD, Abd-Allah GM, El-Yamany MF (2009) Renal oxidative stress and nitric oxide production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats: the possible modulatory effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 52:227–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Islam MS, Choi H (2008) Comparative effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) investigated in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. J Med Food 11:152–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu CT, Wong PL, Lii CK, Hse H, Sheen LY (2006) Antidiabetic effect of garlic oil but not diallyl disulfide in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol 44:1377–1384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Eidi A, Eidi M, Esmaeili E (2006) Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 13:624–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Musabayane CT, Bwititi PT, Ojewole JA (2006) Effects of oral administration of some herbal extracts on food consumption and blood glucose levels in normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 28:223–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tripathi P, Gupta PP, Lal VK (2013) Effect of Co-administration of Allium sativum extract and metformin on blood glucose of Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2:81–84

    Google Scholar 

  40. Thomson M, Al-Amin ZM, Al-Qattan KK, Shaban LH, Ali M (2007) Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of garlic (Allium sativum) in stereptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Metabol 15:108–115

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mahesar H, Bhutto MA, Khand AA, Narejo NT (2010) Garlic used as an alternative medicine to control diabetic mellitus in alloxan-induced male rabbits. Pak J Physiol 6:39–41

    Google Scholar 

  42. Albajali AA, Nagi AH, Shahzad M, Ullah MI, Hussain S (2011) Effect of Allium sativa L. on pancreatic β. cells in comparison to Nigella sativa L. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Med Plants Res 5:5779–5784

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Osman M, Adnan A, Bakar NS, Alashkham F (2012) Allicin has significant effect on autoimmune anti-islet cell antibodies in type 1 diabetic rats. Pol J Pathol 63:248–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Alashkham FA, Osman MT, Adnan A, Bakar NS (2013) Histopathological and biochemical effects of Allium sativum oil administration on type 1 diabetic rats. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 4:1045–1053

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sobenin IA, Nedosugova LV, Filatova LV, Balabolkin MI, Gorchakova TV, Orekhov AN (2008) Metabolic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the results of double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Acta Diabetol 45:1–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mirunalini S, Krishnaveni M, Ambily (2011) Effects of raw garlic on hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacologyonline 2:968–974

    Google Scholar 

  47. Varma M, Sharma DK, Paaneri S, Mishra A, Sinha ARS, Varma V (2011) Potential clinical benefits of garlic. J Environ Res Dev 5:652–655

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I (2011) Garlic supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak J Pharm Sci 24:565–570

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Borrelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA (2007) Garlic (Allium sativum L.): adverse effects and drug interactions in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:1386–1397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Padiya R, Banerjee SK (2013) Garlic as an anti-diabetic agent: recent progress and patent reviews. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 5:105–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Augusti KT, Sheela CG (1996) Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue, in diabetic rats. Cell Mol Life Sci 52:115–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Anwar MM, Meki ARMA (2003) Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effects of garlic oil and melatonin. Comp Biochem Physiol A 135:539–547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Qidwai W, Ashfaq T (2013) Role of garlic usage in cardiovascular disease prevention: an evidence-based approach. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2013:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  54. Suchetha Kumari N, Rai Mohandas, Paramesha S, Damodara KM, Vidhya GG (2011) Effect of garlic on total antioxidants in alloxan induced diabetes mellitus rats. Int J Biomed Adv Res 43:57–63

    Google Scholar 

  55. Belemkar S, Dhameliya K, Pata MK (2013) Comparative study of garlic species (Allium sativum and Allium porrum) on glucose uptake in diabetic rats. Ind J Clin Biochem 8:80–85

    Google Scholar 

  56. Younas J, Hussain F (2014) In vitro antidiabetic evaluation of Allium sativum L. Int J Chem Biochem Sci 5:22–25

    Google Scholar 

  57. WHO (2011) Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact sheet no. 317. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sobenin IA, Andrianova IV, Demidova ON, Gorchakova T, Orekhov AN (2008) Lipid-lowering effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized study. J Atheroscler Thromb 15:334–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. WHO (2011) Hypertension fact sheet. Department of Sustainable Development and healthy Environments, World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  60. NHLBI (2011) What is high blood pressure. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda

    Google Scholar 

  61. Chen ZY, Peng C, Jiao R, Wong YM, Yang N, Huang Y (2009) Anti-hypertensive nutraceuticals and functional foods. J Agric Food Chem 57:4485–4499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Al-Qattan KK, Alnaqeeb MA, Ali M (1999) The antihypertensive effect of garlic (A. sativum) in the rat two-kidney–one-clip Goldblatt model. J Ethnopharmacol 66:217–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Nwokocha CR, Ozolua RI, Owu DU, Nwokocha MI, Ugwu AC (2011) Antihypertensive properties of Allium sativum (garlic) on normotensive and two kidney one clip hypertensive rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 26:213–218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Asdaq SM, Inamdar MN (2010) Potential of garlic and its active constituent, S-allyl cysteine, as antihypertensive and cardioprotective in presence of captopril. Phytomedicine 17:1016–1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Sharifi A, Darabi R, Akbarloo N (2003) Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. J Ethnopharmacol 86:219–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, Konigsmark M, Parfitt A, Simons J, Peters W (1995) On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 113:219–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni L, Lawrence VA (2001) Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 161:813–824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI (1996) A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 64:866–870

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nakasone Y, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto Tand Yamaguchi H (2013) Effect of a traditional Japanese garlic preparation on blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults. Exp Ther Med 5:399–405

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP (2013) Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose–response trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:64–70

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Reinhart KM, Coleman CI, Teevan C, Vachhani P, White CM (2008) Effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 42:1766–1771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Cheng WL, Ke YN, Shi ZX, Wang Y, Chen L, Ju G (2006) Clinical study on effect of Garlicin in stabilizing the carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque in patients with primary hypertension and coronary artery disease. Chin J Integr Med 12:166–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, Takasu J, Razon R, Amagase H (2006) Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr 136:793S–795S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Jabbari A, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Mahdavi R (2005) Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal transplant recipients. Lipids Health Dis 4:11

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dhawan V, Jain S (2004) Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 266:109–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Durak l, Kavutcub M, Aytac B, Avcı A, Devrima E, Ozbekc H, Ozturk HS (2004) Effects of garlic extract consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in humans with high blood cholesterol. J Nutr Biochem 15:373–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M (2001) The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of pre-eclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 99:201–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mortazavi M, Tohidi M, Rahbani-Nobar M (2001) Evaluation of serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins in kidney-transplanted patients. Transpl Proceed 33:2689–2690

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Liu C, Cao F, Tang QZ, Yan L, Dong YG, Zhu LH (2010) Allicin protects against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis via attenuating reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 21:1238–1250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ide N, Lau BH (2001) Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa b activation. J Nutr 131:1020S–1026S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ahmad FU, Sattar MA, Rathore HA, Abdullah MH, Tan S, Abdullah NA (2012) Exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reduces blood pressure and prevents the progression of diabetic nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ren Fail 34:203–210

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Benavides GA, Squadrito GL, Mills RW, Patel HD, Isbell TS, Patel RP (2007) Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17977–17982

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ku DD, Abdel-Razek TT, Dai J, Kim-Park S, Fallon MB, Abrams GA (2002) Garlic and its active metabolite allicin produce endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent relaxation in rat pulmonary arteries. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29:84–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Seutsuna K (1998) Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor dipeptides derived from Allium sativum L (garlic). J Nutr Biochem 9:415–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Musunuru K (2010) Atherogenic dyslipidemia: cardiovascular risk and dietary intervention. Lipids 45:907–914

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jain RC (1975) Onion and garlic an experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbits. Artery 1:115–125

    Google Scholar 

  87. Jain RC (1977) Effect of garlic on serum lipids, coagulability and fibrinolytic activity of blood. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1380–1381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bordia A, Verma SK, Vyas AK, Khabya BL, Rathore AS, Bhu N, Bedi HK (1977) Effect of essential oil of onion and garlic on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 26:379–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kamanna VS, Chandrasekhara N (1984) Hypocholesteromic activity of different fractions of garlic. Indian J Med Res 79:580–583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Mand JK, Gupta PP, Soni GL, Singh R (1985) Effect of garlic on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Indian Heart J 37:183–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Iweala EE, Akubugwo EI, Okeke CU (2005) Effect of ethanolic extracts of Allium sativum linn. Liliaceae on serum cholesterol and blood sugar levels of alibino rabbits. Plant Product Res J 9:14–18

    Google Scholar 

  92. Efendy JL, Simmons DL, Campbell GR, Campbell JH (1997) The effect of the aged garlic extract, ‘Kyolic’, on the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 132:37–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Campbell JH, Efendy JL, Smith NJ, Campbell GR (2001) Molecular basis by which garlic suppresses atherosclerosis. J Nutr 131:1006S–1009S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Chang MLW, Johnson MA (1980) Effect of garlic on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis in rats. J Nutr 110:931–936

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rajasree CR, Rajmohan T, Agusti KT (1999) Biochemical effects of garlic on lipid metabolism in alcohol fed rats. Ind J Exp Biol 37:243–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mathew BC, Daniel RS (1996) Hypolipidemic effect of garlic protein substituted for caseinin diet of rats compared to those of garlic oil. Indian J Exp Biol 34:337–340

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Qureshi AA, Din ZZ, Abuirameileh N, Burger WC, Ahmed Y, Elson CE (1983) Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic: impact on serum lipids. J Nutr 113:1746–1755

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kamanna VS, Chandrasekhara N (1982) Effect of garlic on serum lipoproteins cholesterol levels in albino rats rendered hypercholesteremic by feeding cholesterol. Lipids 17:483–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Chi MS (1982) Effect of garlic products on lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 171:174–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Chi MS, Koh ET, Stewart TJ (1982) Effect of garlic on lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol or lard. J Nutr 112:241–248

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Aouadi R, Aouidet’ A, Elkadhi A, Rayana CB, Jaafoura’ H, Tritar B, Nagati K (2000) Effect of fresh garlic (Allium sativum) on lipid metabolism in male rats. Nutr Res 20:273–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Shrivastava A, Chaturvedi U, Sonkar R, Saxena JK, Khanna AK, Bhatia G (2011) Antidyslipidemic, antiatherogenic and antioxidant activity of Allium sativum in Charles Foster rats. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res (IJCPR) 2:110–119

    Google Scholar 

  103. Emmanuel U, James O (2011) Comparative effects of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) extracts on some haematological and lipid indices of rats. Annu Rev Res Biol 1:37–44

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hassan HA (2012) Effect of garlic (A. sativum) extract on lipid profile in rats. DJPS 8:83–88

    Google Scholar 

  105. Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Drzewiecki J, Najman K, Katrich E, Barasch D, Yamamoto K (2006) Raw and boiled garlic enhances plasma antioxidant activity and improves plasma lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Life Sci 78:655–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Al-Numair KS (2009) Hypocholesteremic and antioxidant effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract in rats fed high cholesterol diet. Pak J Nutr 8:161–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ali M, Al-Qattan KK, Al-Enezi F, Khanafer RMA, Mustafa T (2000) Effect of allicin from garlic powder on serum lipids and blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 62:253–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL (1993) Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol, a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 119:599–605

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Silagy CA, Neil HA (1994) A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hypertens 12:463–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Kojuri J, Vosoughi AR, Majid Akrami (2007) Effects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids Health Dis 6:5

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Durak ˙l, Aytac B, Atmaca Y, Devrim E, Avcıa A, Erol C, Oral D (2004) Effects of garlic extract consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in atherosclerotic patients. Life Sci 75:1959–1966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov AN (2010) The effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 9:119

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ashraf R, Aamir K, Shaikh AR, Ahmed T (2005) Effects of garlic on dislipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 17:60–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Williams MJ, Sutherland WH, McCormick MP, Yeoman DJ, de Jong SA (2005) Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Phytother Res 19:314–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Turner B, Molgaard C, Marckmann P (2004) Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 92:701–706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Orekhov AN, Grunwald J (1997) Effects of garlic on atherosclerosis. Nutrition 13:656–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Yeh Yu-Yan, Liu L (2001) Cholesterol lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. J Nutr 131:989S–993S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Munday JS, James KA, Fray LM, Kirkwood SW, Thompson KG (1999) Daily supplementation with aged garlic extract, but not raw garlic, protects low density lipoprotein against in vitro oxidation. Atherosclerosis 143:399–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Lewin G, Popov I (1994) Antioxidant effects of aqueous garlic extract. 2nd communication: inhibition of the Cu (2+)-initiated oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Arzneimittelforschung 44:604–607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Lau Benjamin HS (2001) Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic. J Nutr 131:958S–988S

    Google Scholar 

  121. Gebhardt R, Beck H (1996) Differential inhibitory effects of garlic derived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in primary rat hepatocyte culture. Lipids 31:1269–1276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Gierach M, Gierach J, Ewertowska M, Arndt A, Junik R (2014) Correlation between body mass index and waist circumference in patients with metabolic syndrome. ISRN Endocrinol 2014:514589

  123. Armitage JA, Poston L, Taylor PD (2008) Developmental origins of obesity and the metabolic syndrome: the role of maternal obesity. Front Horm Res 36:73–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Park YS, Yoon Y, Ahn HS (2007) Platycodon grandiflorum extract represses up-regulated adipocyte fatty acid binding protein triggered by a high fat feeding in obese rats. World J Gastroenterol 13:3493–3499

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sharifi F, Sheikhi A, Behdad M, Mousavinasab N (2010) Effect of garlic on serum adiponectin and interleukin levels in women with metabolic syndrome. Int J Endocrinol Metab 8:68–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kim Y, Lee MS, Kim JS, Lee HS (2007) Garlic decreases body weight via decrease of serum lipid and increase of uncoupling proteins mRNA expression. FASEB 21:lb277

    Google Scholar 

  127. Kim I, Kim JY, Hwang YJ, Hwang KA, Om AS, Kim JH, Cho KJ (2011) The beneficial effects of aged black garlic extract on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Med Plants Res 5:3159–3168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Kim I, Kim HR, Kim JH, Om AS (2013) Beneficial effects of Allium sativum L. stem extract on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. J Sci Food Agric 93:2749–2757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Joo Y, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim Y (2013) Anti-obesity effects of hot water extract and high hydrostatic pressure extract of garlic in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Chem Toxicol 55:100–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lee MS, Kim IH, Kim CT, Kim Y (2011) Reduction of body weight by dietary garlic is associated with an increase in uncoupling protein mRNA expression and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diet-induced obese mice. J Nutr 141:1947–1953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Keophiphath M, Priem F, Jacquemond-Collet I, Cle´ment K, Lacasa D (2009) 1,2-Vinyldithiin from garlic inhibits differentiation and inflammation of human preadipocytes. J Nutr 139:2055–2060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    A. Hosseini

  2. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    H. Hosseinzadeh

Authors
  1. A. Hosseini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Hosseinzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Hosseinzadeh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hosseini, A., Hosseinzadeh, H. A review on the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) in metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 38, 1147–1157 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-015-0313-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-015-0313-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation