Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Family-Centered Care Approach to Behavior-Analytic Assessment and Intervention

  • SI: Compassion in Applied Behavior Analysis
  • Published:
Behavior Analysis in Practice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An essential aspect of behavior-analytic services is collaborating with stakeholders to develop interventions that incorporate stakeholder preferences, needs, and contextual variables in addition to those of the client. Recent research has illuminated a gap in practitioners’ use of compassionate care to develop interventions that take into account family values and dynamics. Family-centered care is an approach that emphasizes the client as part of a larger family system and is used in a variety of medical and mental health services to promote family–provider collaboration and improve care. Given the importance of collaboration, shared decision making, and consideration of contextual variables when implementing behavior-analytic services, we introduce an adaptation of the family-centered care approach for behavior analysis. We provide practical resources for behavior analysts to assess and address family contextual variables, tools for promoting collaboration throughout service delivery, and a framework for navigating misalignment among client, family, and practitioner preference.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Notes

  1. The extent of equal versus equitable decision-making authority that stakeholders exert in FCC will necessarily vary along multiple intersecting dimensions. Family members may differ in intellectual capacity to evaluate options, time to do so, and willingness to engage in the process. Some have previously been disenfranchised and may ask for more authority in the current context than would be allotted simply on the basis of capacity to make healthy decisions. To redress a long history of disempowerment and its resultant learned dependency. As such, some FCC theorists have advocated for affording individuals and their stakeholders the dignity of risk (Perske, 1972; Wolpert, 1980), which is consistent with behavior analyst’s balancing the right to habilitation and freedom of choice (Bannerman et al., 1990).

References

  • Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting stress index (4th ed.). PAR

  • Allen, R. I., & Petr, C. G. (1996). Toward developing standards and measurements for family-centered practice in family support programs. In G. H. S. Singer, L. E. Powers, & A. L. Olson (Eds.), Redefining family support: Innovations in public–private partnerships (pp. 57–85). Paul H. Brookes Publishing.

  • Allen, K. D., & Warzak, W. J. (2000). The problem of parental nonadherence in clinical behavior analysis: Effective treatment is not enough. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33(3), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2000.33-373

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Autism Speaks. (2022). Resource guide. https://www.autismspeaks.org/resource-guide

  • Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1968). Reinforcer sampling: A technique for increasing the behavior of mental patients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bank-Mikkelsen, N. E. (1969). A metropolitan area in Denmark: Copenhagen. In R. B. Kugel & W. Wolfsenberger (Eds.), Changing patterns in residential services for the mentally retarded (pp. 227–254). President’s Committee on Mental Retardation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannerman, D. J., Sheldon, J. B., Sherman, J. A., & Harchik, A. E. (1990). Balancing the right to habilitation with the right to personal liberties: The rights of people with developmental disabilities to eat too many doughnuts and take a nap. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-79

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, M. C., Inui, T. & the Relationship-Centered Care Research Network. (2006). Relationship-centered care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(S1), S3–S8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00302.x

  • Beatson, J. E. (2008). Walk a mile in their shoes: Implementing family-centered care in serving children and families affected by autism spectrum disorder. Topics in Language Disorders, 28(4), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tld.0000341126.16405.e9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, L., Addington, J., & Almeida, D. (2019). Behavior analysts’ training and practices regarding cultural diversity: The case for culturally competent care. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(3), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00313-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, L., & Jimenez-Gomez, C. (2022). Cultural responsiveness in applied behavior analysis: Self-assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 55(2), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.907

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becirevic, A., Critchfield, T. S., & Reed, D. D. (2016). On the social acceptability of behavior-analytic terms: Crowdsourced comparisons of lay and technical language. The Behavior Analyst, 39(2), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-016-0067-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beckman, P. J. (1996). The service system and its effects on families: An ecological perspective. In M. Brambring, H. Rauh, & A. Beelmann (Eds.), Prevention and Intervention in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 175–195). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110814262

  • Beckman, P. J., & Boyes, G. B. (1993). Deciphering the system: A guide for families of young children with disabilities. Brookline Books.

  • Beckman, P. J., Newcomb, S., Frank, N., Brown, L., & Filer, J. (1993). Providing support to families of infants with disabilities. Journal of Early Intervention, 17(4), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/105381519301700408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2017). BCBA task list (5th ed.). https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/BCBA-task-list-5th-ed-211019.pdf

  • Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2020). Ethics code for behavior analysts. https://bacb.com/wp-content/ethics-code-for-behavior-analysts/

  • Belfiore, P. J., Fritts, K. M., & Herman, B. C. (2008). The role of procedural integrity: Using self-monitoring to enhance discrete trial instruction (DTI). Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities, 23(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357607311445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, E. E., & Hacker, R. (2021). Engaging stakeholders to improve social validity: Intervention priorities for students with complex communication needs. Augmentative & Alternative Communication, 37(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2021.1881824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A. (1995). Changing cultural practices: A contextualist framework for intervention research. Context Press.

  • Bijou, S. W. (1996). Reflections on some early events related to behavior analysis of child development. The Behavior Analyst, 19(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392738

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, G. C., Behl, D., Mortensen, L., & Akers, J. (1991). Child characteristics, family demographics and family processes: Their effects on the stress experienced by families of children with disabilities. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 4(4), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515079108254436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. R., Greer, B. D., Craig, A. R., Sullivan, W. E., Fisher, W. W., & Roane, H. S. (2020a). Resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior implemented with and without extinction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 113(2), 449–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. R., Hurd, A. M., & Nercesian, S. (2022). Factors associated with readmission to an intensive outpatient severe behavior setting. [Manuscript in preparation]. Department of Psychology, Utah State University.

  • Brown, K. R., Zangrillo, A. N., & Gaynor, R. (2020b). Effects of caregiver-implemented group contingencies on siblings’ destructive behavior. Behavioral Development, 25(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/bdb0000093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruzek, J. L., Thompson, R. H., & Peters, L. C. (2009). Resurgence of infant caregiving responses. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 92(3), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2009-92-327

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, K., Foxx, R.M. (2020). Behavioral artistry: The relationship between interpersonal skills and effective treatment repertoires of applied behavior analysis practitioners. In F. Volkmar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders (pp. 1–7). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102446-1

  • Callahan, K., Foxx, R. M., Swierczynski, A., Aerts, X., Mehta, S., McComb, M. E., Nichols, S. M., Segal, G., Donald, A., & Sharma, R. (2019). Behavioral artistry: Examining the relationship between the interpersonal skills and effective practice repertoires of applied behavior analysis practitioners. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 49(9), 3557–3570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04082-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, J. E., Austin, J. L., Britton, L. N., Kellum, K. K., & Bailey, J. S. (1999). An assessment of social validity trends in applied behavior analysis. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community-Based Clinical Programs, 14(4), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(199910/12)14:4%3c223::AID-BIN37%3e3.0.CO;2-Y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwell, M. R., Sikorski, J. D., Roberts, H., & Allen, K. D. (2019). Process versus content in delivering ABA services: Does process matter when you have content that works? Behavior Analysis: Research & Practice, 19(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/bar0000143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chown, N., Robinson, J., Beardon, L., Downing, J., Hughes, L., Leatherland, J., Fox, K., Hickman, L., & MacGregor, D. (2017). Improving research about us, with us: A draft framework for inclusive autism research. Disability & Society, 32(5), 720–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1320273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciechanowski, P. S., Katon, W. J., Russo, J. E., & Walker, E. A. (2001). The patient-provider relationship: Attachment theory and adherence to treatment in diabetes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cockell, S. J., Zaitsoff, S. L., & Geller, J. (2004). Maintaining change following eating disorder treatment. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 35(5), 527. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.5.527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connors, G. J., DiClemente, C. C., Velasquez, M. M., & Donovan, D. M. (2013). Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. Guilford Press.

  • Critchfield, T. S., Doepke, K. J., Kimberly Epting, L., Becirevic, A., Reed, D. D., Fienup, D. M., Kremsreiter, J. L., & Ecott, C. L. (2017). Normative emotional responses to behavior analysis jargon or how not to use words to win friends and influence people. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 10(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0161-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • D’Agostino, S. R., Douglas, S. N., & Dueñas, A. D. (2019). Practitioner-implemented naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Systematic review of social validity practices. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 39(3), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121419854803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (2017). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. In B. Laursen & R. Žukauskienė (Eds.), Interpersonal development (pp. 161–170). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351153683

  • DeFrain, J. D., & Stinnet, N. (2008, September). Creating a strong family: American Family Strengths Inventory. NebGuide, https://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1881.pdf

  • Dempsey, I., & Keen, D. (2008). A review of processes and outcomes in family-centered services for children with a disability. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 28(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121408316699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, N. M., DeRosa, N. M., & Roane, H. S. (2013). Development of a combined intervention to decrease problem behavior displayed by siblings with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 25(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-012-9305-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Leet, H. E., & Trivette, C. M. (1988). Family resources, personal well-being, and early intervention. Journal of Special Education, 22(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246698802200112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J. L., Cihon, J. H., Leaf, J. B., Van Meter, S. M., McEachin, J., & Leaf, R. (2019). Assessment of social validity trends in the journal of applied behavior analysis. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 20(1), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2018.1534771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finn, C. A., & Sladeczek, I. E. (2001). Assessing the social validity of behavioral interventions: A review of intervention acceptability measures. School Psychology Quarterly, 16(2), 176. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.16.2.176.18703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. W., Greer, B. D., Craig, A. R., Retzlaff, B. J., Fuhrman, A. M., Lichtblau, K. R., & Saini, V. (2018). On the predictive validity of behavioral momentum theory for mitigating resurgence of problem behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 109(1), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., & Amari, A. (1996). Integrating caregiver report with a systematic choice assessment to enhance reinforcer identification. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 101(1), 15–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Hagopian, L. P., Owens, J. C., & Slevin, I. (1992). A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25(2), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1992.25-491

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fixsen, D., Naoom, S., Blase, K., Friedman, R., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, National Implementation Research Network. https://nirn.fpg.unc.edu/sites/nirn.fpg.unc.edu/files/resources/NIRN-MonographFull-01-2005.pdf

  • Fong, E. H. (2020). Standards for culturally sensitive practice of applied behavior analysis. In B. M. Conners & S. T. Capell (Eds.), Multiculturalism and diversity in applied behavior analysis (pp. 19–27). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, E. H., Catagnus, R. M., Brodhead, M. T., Quigley, S., & Field, S. (2016). Developing the cultural awareness skills of behavior analysts. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 9(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0111-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gasiewski, K., Weiss, M. J., Leaf, J. B., & Labowitz, J. (2021). Collaboration between behavior analysts and occupational therapists in autism service provision: Bridging the gap. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14(4), 1209–1222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00619-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz, J. L. (1972). Some contextual determinants of stimulus potency. In R. D. Parke (Ed.), Recent trends in social learning theory (pp. 7–33). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-545050-8.50007-9

  • Gilroy, S. P., & Feck, C. C. (2022). Applications of operant demand to treatment selection II: Covariance of evidence strength and treatment consumption. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.735

  • Gilroy, S. P., & Kaplan, B. A. (2020). Modeling treatment-related decision-making using applied behavioral economics: Caregiver perspectives in temporally-extended behavioral treatments. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(5), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00619-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, S. P., & Picardo, R. (2022). Applications of operant demand to treatment selection III: Consumer behavior analysis of treatment choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley, G. P. (2012). Functional assessment of problem behavior: Dispelling myths, overcoming implementation obstacles, and developing new lore. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391818

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012460836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hochstadt, N. J., & Harwicke, N. J. (1985). How effective is the multidisciplinary approach? A follow-up study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9(3), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(85)90034-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, B. L. (1968). Effects of candy and social reinforcement, instructions, and reinforcement schedule leaning on the modification and maintenance of smiling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Horst, L., Werner, R. R., & Werner, C. L. (2000). Case management for children and families. Journal of Child & Family Nursing, 3(1), 5–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute for Patient- & Family-Centered Care (2010a). A checklist for attitudes about patients and families as advisors. https://www.ipfcc.org/resources/Checklist_for_Attitudes.pdf

  • Institute for Patient- & Family-Centered Care (2010b). Organizational self-assessment. https://bit.ly/IPFCCOrganization

  • Jarmolowicz, D. P., Kahng, S., Ingvarsson, E. T., Goysovich, R., Heggemeyer, R., & Gregory, M. K. (2008). Effects of conversational versus technical language on treatment preference and integrity. Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities, 46(3), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1352/2008.46:190-199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeppson, E. & Thomas, J. (1994) Essential allies: Families as advisors. Institute for Patient- & Family-Centered Care.

  • Jones, S., Bremer, E., & Lloyd, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder: Family quality of life while waiting for intervention services. Quality of Life Research, 26(2), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1382-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.

  • Kahng, S., Iwata, B. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2002). Behavioral treatment of self-injury, 1964 to 2000. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107%3c0212:BTOSIT%3e2.0.CO;2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelleher, C., Riley-Tillman, T. C., & Power, T. J. (2008). An initial comparison of collaborative and expert-driven consultation on treatment integrity. Journal of Educational & Psychological Consultation, 18(4), 294–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474410802491040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A., & Tincani, M. (2013). Collaborative training and practice among applied behavior analysts who support individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Education & Training in Autism & Developmental Disabilities, 48(1), 120–131. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23879891

  • Kempe, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemueller, W., & Silver, H. K. (1962). The battered-child syndrome. JAMA, 181(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1962.03050270019004

  • Kennedy, C. H. (1992). Trends in the measurement of social validity. The Behavior Analyst, 15(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392597

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, C. H. (2005). Single-case designs for educational research. Pearson.

  • Knafl, K., Breitmayer, B., Gallo, A., & Zoeller, L. (1992). Parents’ view of health care providers: An exploration of the components of a positive working relationship. Children’s Health Care, 21(2), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326888chc2102_4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kokorelias, K. M., Gignac, M. A., Naglie, G., & Cameron, J. I. (2019). Towards a universal model of family centered care: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4394-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, D. Z., Houtrow, A. J., Arango, P., Kuhlthau, K. A., Simmons, J. M., & Neff, J. M. (2012). Family-centered care: Current applications and future directions in pediatric health care. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 16(2), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0751-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 28(1), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, J. M., Sandstrom, A. L., Hodapp, R. M., Copeland, B. A., Paranczak, J. L., Macdonald, M. J., & Houchins‐Juarez, N. J. (2022). Revisiting the social validity of services rendered through a university‐based practicum addressing challenging behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.939

  • Lang, R., Rispoli, M., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., Andrews, A., & Ortega, L. (2011). Effects of language of instruction on response accuracy and challenging behavior in a child with autism. Journal of Behavioral Education, 20(4), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-011-9130-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, L. A., Taylor, B. A., & Marchese, N. V. (2020). The training experiences of behavior analysts: Compassionate care and therapeutic relationships with caregivers. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13(2), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-019-00368-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leitenberg, H., Agras, W. S., Thompson, L. E., & Wright, D. E. (1968). Feedback in behavior modification: An experimental analysis in two phobic cases. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, S., Wacker, D., Suess, A., Schieltz, K., Pelzel, K., Kopelman, T., Lee, J., Romani, P., & Waldron, D. (2016). Telehealth and autism: Treating challenging behavior at lower cost. Pediatrics, 137(Suppl. 2), S167–S175. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2851O

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, B. P., & Kennedy, C. H. (2014). Assessment and treatment of challenging behaviour for individuals with intellectual disability: A research review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27(3), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12089

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mak, M. C. K., Yin, L., Li, M., Cheung, R. Y. H., & Oon, P. T. (2020). The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(11), 2993–3003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01785-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, N. F. (1996). Social demographic diversity among American midlife parents. In C. D. Ryff & M. M. Seltzer (Eds.), The parental experience in midlife (pp. 29–75). University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCubbin, H. I., Comeau, J., & Harkins, J. (1996a). Family inventory of resources for management (FIRM). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice (pp. 307–323). University of Wisconsin System. (Original work published 1981)

  • McCubbin, H. I., McCubbin, M. A., Nevin, R., & Cauble, E. (1996b). Coping-health inventory for parents (CHIP). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice (pp. 407–453). University of Wisconsin System. (Original work published 1981)

  • McCubbin, H. I., McCubbin, M. A., & Thompson, A. I. (1996c). Family time and routines index (FTRI). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice (pp. 325–340). University of Wisconsin System. (Original work published 1986)

  • McCubbin, H. I., Patterson, J., & Glynn, T. (1996d). Social support index (SSI). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice (pp. 357–389). University of Wisconsin System. (Original work published 1982)

  • McCubbin, H. I., Patterson, J., & Wilson, L. (1996e). Family inventory of life events and changes (FILE). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice (pp. 103–178). University of Wisconsin System. (Original work published 1983)

  • McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, A l, & Elvêr, K. M. (1996f). Family pressures scale-ethnic (FPRES-E). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice (pp. 227–236). University of Wisconsin System. (Original work published 1993)

  • McGillivray, J. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2005). The relationship between residence and the pharmacological management of challenging behavior in individuals with intellectual disability. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 17(4), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-005-6614-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, K., Lucyshyn, J. M., Strickland-Cohen, M. K., & Horner, R. H. (2015). Building supportive environments: Toward a technology for enhancing fidelity of implementation. In F. Brown, J. Anderson, & R. L. DePry (Eds.), Individual positive behavior supports: A standards-based guide to practices in school and community-based settings (pp. 401–415). Brookes.

  • Michael, J. (1982). Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37(1), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1982.37-149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mitteer, D. R., Greer, B. D., Fisher, W. W., Briggs, A. M., & Wacker, D. P. (2018). A laboratory model for evaluating relapse of undesirable caregiver behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 110(2), 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.462

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitteer, D. R., Greer, B. D., Randall, K. R., Kimball, R. T., & Smith, S. W. (2021). Empirically deriving omission and commission errors for relapse tests: A demonstration of reverse translation. Behavior Analysis: Research Practice, 21(4), 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/bar0000218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. R., & Amado, R. S. (2021). A conceptual model of treatment adherence in a behavior analytic framework. Education & Treatment of Children, 44(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43494-020-00032-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. R., & Symons, F. J. (2011). Adherence to treatment in a behavioral intervention curriculum for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Behavior Modification, 35(6), 570–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445511418103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, P., Jacobs, C., Bunn, A., & Bifulco, A. (2007). Multi-agency working: Implications for an early-intervention social work team. Child & Family Social Work, 12(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00452.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, E. K. (1988). Contextualism: The world view of behavior analysis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 46(3), 289–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(88)90063-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, A. A., Mullen, M. G., & Spagnolo, A. B. (2005). Enhancing individual placement and support: Promoting job tenure by integrating natural supports and supported education. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 8(1), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487760590953948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newhouse-Oisten, M. K., Peck, K. M., Conway, A. A., & Frieder, J. E. (2017). Ethical considerations for interdisciplinary collaboration with prescribing professionals. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 10(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-017-0184-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson, A. (1998). A discussion of contextual variables and related terminology in behavior analysis. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 7(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nirje, B. (1969). The normalization principle and its human management implications. In R. B. Kugel & W. Wolfsenberger (Eds.), Changing patterns in residential services for the mentally retarded (pp. 179–195). President’s Committee on Mental Retardation.

  • Oliver, M. (1983). Social work with disabled people. Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, T. M., Luczynski, K. C., Rodriguez, N. M., & Fisher, W. W. (2021). Assessment of children’s and caregivers’ preferences for treatments for escape-maintained problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 54(3), 946–965. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.817

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacia, C., Gunning, C., McTiernan, A., & Holloway, J. (2022). Developing the parent-coaching assessment, individualization, and response to stressors (PAIRS) tool for behavior analysts. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05637-5

  • Patterson, J. M. (1988). Families experiencing stress: I. The family adjustment and adaptation response model: II. Applying the FAAR Model to health-related issues for intervention and research. Family Systems Medicine, 6(2), 202–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0089739

  • Perrin, B. (1999). The original “Scandinavian” Normalization principle and its continuing relevance for the 1990s. In R. J. Flynn & R. A. Lemay (Eds.), A quarter-century of normalization and social role valorization: Evolution and Impact (pp. 181–196). University of Ottawa Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1cn6s45.10

  • Perske, R. (1972). The dignity of risk and the mentally retarded. Mental Retardation, 10, 24–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prelock, P. A., Beatson, J., Contompasis, S. H., & Bishop, K. K. (1999). A model for family-centered interdisciplinary practice in the community. Topics in Language Disorders, 19(3), 36–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaraman, A., Hanley, G. P., Gover, H. C., Staubitz, J. L., Staubitz, J. E., Simcoe, K. M., & Metras, R. (2021). Minimizing escalation by treating dangerous problem behavior within an enhanced choice model. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00548-2

  • Reindal, S. M. (2008). A social relational model of disability: A theoretical framework for special needs education? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23, 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250801947812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Relias. (2022). Resources about applied behavior analysis autism. https://www.relias.com/resource/topic/applied-behavior-analysis-autism

  • Rispoli, M., O’Reilly, M., Lang, R., Sigafoos, J., Mulloy, A., Aguilar, J., & Singer, G. (2011). Effects of language of implementation on functional analysis outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Education, 20(4), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-011-9128-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivard, M., Terroux, A., Parent-Boursier, C., & Mercier, C. (2014). Determinants of stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1609–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-2028-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrer, J. L., Marshall, K. B., Suzio, C., & Weiss, M. J. (2021). Soft skills: The case for compassionate approaches or how behavior analysis keeps finding its heart. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14(4), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00563-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J., Kaplan, S. H., Greenfield, S., Li, W., & Wilson, I. B. (2004). Better physician-patient relationships are associated with higher reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(11), 1096–1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30418.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, W., & Sears, M. (2001). The attachment parenting book: A commonsense guide to understanding and nurturing your baby. Hachette.

  • Sharpe, D. L., & Baker, D. L. (2007). Financial issues associated with having a child with autism. Journal of Family & Economic Issues, 28(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-007-9059-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, T. L., Jeppson, E. S., & Johnson, B. H. (1987). Facilitation of parent/professional collaboration at all levels of health care. In T. L. Shelton & J. S. Stepanek (Eds.), Family-centered care for children needing specialized health and developmental services (pp. 3–8). Association for the Care of Children’s Health.

  • Shelton, T. L., & Stepanek, J. S. (1994). Family-centered care for children needing specialized health and developmental services. Association for the Care of Children's Health.

  • Sheras, P. L., Konold, T. R., & Abidin, R. R. (1998). SIPA, stress index for parents of adolescents: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

  • Shields, L., Pratt, J., & Hunter, J. (2006). Family centered care: A review of qualitative studies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15(10), 1317–1323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01433.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shifrin, D., Brown, A., Hill, D., Jana, L., & Flinn, S. K. (2015). Growing up digital: Media research symposium. American Academy of Pediatrics, 1(1), 1–7. https://imgs.drafare.com/m/11bb84c374631de6.pdf

  • Shyman, E. (2016). The reinforcement of ableism: Normality, the medical model of disability, and humanism in applied behavior analysis and ASD. Intellectual Developmental Disabilities, 54(5), 366–376. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-54.5.366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sibling Support Project. (2022). https://siblingsupport.org/

  • Sidman, M. (1986). Functional analysis of emergent verbal classes. In M. D. Zeiler & T. Thompson (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 213–245). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315620060

  • Skinner, B. F. (1931). The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 5(4), 427–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1931.9918416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1957). The experimental analysis of behavior. American Scientist, 45(4), 343–371. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826953

  • Starr, E. M., Popovic, S., & McCall, B. P. (2016). Supporting children with autism spectrum disorder at primary school: Are the promises of early intervention maintained? Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 3(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-016-0069-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoddard, J. A., & Afari, N. (2014). The big book of ACT metaphors: A practitioner's guide to experiential exercises and metaphors in acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications.

  • St. Peter Pipkin, C., Vollmer, T. R., & Sloman, K. N. (2010). Effects of treatment integrity failures during differential reinforcement of alternative behavior: A translational model. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(1), 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2010.43-47

  • Taylor, B. A., LeBlanc, L. A., & Nosik, M. R. (2019). Compassionate care in behavior analytic treatment: Can outcomes be enhanced by attending to relationships with caregivers? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(3), 654–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00289-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, T., & Taylor, S. A. (2022). Social validity of pediatric feeding treatment components across time. Behavioral Interventions, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1879

  • Thomas, C. C. (1991). Historical foundations of consultation and teaming. In C. V. Morsink, C. C. Thomas, & V. I. Correa (Eds.), Interactive teaming: Consultation and collaboration in special programs (pp. 321–346). Paul H. Brookes Publishing.

  • Treasure, J., Tchanturia, K., & Schmidt, U. (2005). Developing a model of the treatment for eating disorder: Using neuroscience research to examine the how rather than the what of change. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 5(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140500358584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tutton, C., Wynne-Willson, S., & Piachaud, J. (1990). Rating management difficulty: A study into the prevalence and severity of difficult behaviour displayed by residents in a large residential hospital for the mentally handicapped. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 34(4), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01543.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinen, Z., Clark, M., & Dissanayake, C. (2022). Social and behavioural outcomes of school aged autistic children who received community-based early interventions. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05477-3

  • Wahler, R. G. (1969a). Oppositional children: A quest for parental reinforcement control. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(3), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1969.2-159

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G. (1969b). Setting generality: Some specific and general effects of child behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(4), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1969.2-239

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, M. J., Gatzunis, K., & Aljohani, W. (2020). How to integrate multiculturalism and diversity sensitivity into the training and ethical skill set of behavior analysts. In B. M. Conners & S. T. Capell (Eds.), Multiculturalism and diversity in applied behavior analysis (pp. 167–179). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, J. C., Roebuck-Spencer, T. M., Constantinidou, F., Turkstra, L., Pavol, M., & Paul, D. (2008). Collaboration between neuropsychologists and speech-language pathologists in rehabilitation settings. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 23(5), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.htr.0000336840.76209.a1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, N., & Hastings, R. P. (2004). Social and professional support for parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(3), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00197.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K., & Brookfield, D. (2009). Effect of goal setting on motivation and adherence in a six-week exercise program. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, R. C. (1970). Management of chronic psychiatric patients by a token reinforcement system. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1970.3-47

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, M. M. (1978). Social validity: The case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfsenberger, W., Nirje, B., Olshansky, S., Perske, R., & Roos, P. (1972). The principle of normalization in human services. National Institute on Mental Retardation.

  • Wolpert, J. (1980). The dignity of risk. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 5(4), 391–401. 10.2307.622

  • Young, N. A. E., & Crankshaw, K. (2021). Disability rates highest among American Indian and Alaska Native children and children living in poverty. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/united-states-childhood-disability-rate-up-in-2019-from-2008.html

  • Zeilberger, J., Sampen, S. E., & Sloane, H. N. (1968). Modification of a child’s problem behaviors in the home with the mother as therapist. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-47

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sorenson Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, 6405 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84321, USA

    Katherine R. Brown & Alyssa M. Hurd

  2. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA

    Kayla R. Randall

  3. Touro University, Henderson, NV, USA

    Thomas Szabo

  4. Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Daniel R. Mitteer

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NY, USA

    Daniel R. Mitteer

Authors
  1. Katherine R. Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alyssa M. Hurd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kayla R. Randall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Szabo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Daniel R. Mitteer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katherine R. Brown.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest

None of the authors have conflicts of interest to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brown, K.R., Hurd, A.M., Randall, K.R. et al. A Family-Centered Care Approach to Behavior-Analytic Assessment and Intervention. Behav Analysis Practice (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00756-y

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00756-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation