Abstract
Two children with autism were assessed for preference between intersession distribution of mastered and unknown instructional trials on a computerized matching-to-sample task consisting of 12 total learning opportunities. Choice responses yielded presentation of either massed-trial sequencing (six unknown/six mastered stimuli relations or vice-versa) or alternating-trial sequencing delivery (alternation of unknown and mastered stimuli relations) followed by reinforcement for correct responses. An extinction condition served as an experimental control. Both children demonstrated a preference for the alternating-trial sequencing condition, and implications for instructional programming and possible effects to delays to higher rates of reinforcement are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision., 10(4), 433–436.
Browder, D. M., & Shear, S. M. (1996). Interspersal of known items in a treatment package to teach sight words to students with behavior disorders. The Journal of Special Education, 29, 400–413.
Brown, F. (1991). Creative daily scheduling: a nonintrusive approach to challenging behaviors in community residences. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 16, 75–84.
Cote, C. A., Thompson, R. H., Hanley, G. P., & McKerchar, P. M. (2007). Teacher report and direct assessment for preferences for identifying reinforcers for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 157–166.
DeLeon, I. G., & Iwata, B. A. (1996). Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 519–533.
Demurie, E., Roeyers, H., Baeyens, D., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2012). Temporal discounting of monetary rewards in children and adolescents with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Science, 15(6), 791–800. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 7687.2012.01178.x.
Dunlap, G. (1984). The influence of task variation and maintenance tasks on the learning and affect of autistic children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 41–64.
Dunlap, G., & Kern, L. (1993). Assessment and intervention for children within the instructional curriculum. In J. Reichle & D. P. Wacker (Eds.), Communicative approaches to the management of challenging behaviors (pp. 177–203). Baltimore,: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co..
Dunlap, G., & Koegel, R. L. (1980). Motivating autistic children through stimulus variation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 619–627.
Dunlap, G., Kern-Dunlap, L., Clarke, S., & Robbins, F. R. (1991). Functional assessment, curricular revision, and severe behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 387–397.
Dyer, K., Dunlap, G., & Winterling, V. (1990). The effects of choice making on problem behaviors of students with severe handicaps. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 515–524.
Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., Hagopian, L. P., Owens, J. C., & Slevin, I. (1992). A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 491–498.
Graff, R. B., & Karsten, A. M. (2012). Assessing preference of individuals with developmental disabilities: a survey of current practices. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5, 37–28.
Green, C. W., Reid, D. H., White, L. K., Halford, R. C., Brittain, D. P., & Gardner, S. M. (1988). Identifying reinforcers for persons with profound handicaps: staff opinion versus systematic assessment of preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21(1), 31–43.
Leaf, J. B., Sheldon, J. B., & Sherman, J. A. (2010). Comparison of simultaneous prompting and no-no prompting in two-choice discrimination learning with children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 215–228.
Leaf, J. B., Leaf, R., McEachin, J., Taubman, M., Ala’i-Rosales, S., Ross, R., Smith, T., & Weiss, M. J. (2016). Applied behavior analysis is a science and, therefore, progressive. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 720–731.
Lee, D. L. (2006). Facilitating academic transitions: an application of behavioral momentum. Remedial and Special Education, 27, 312–317.
Mace, F. C., Hock, M. L., Lalli, J. S., West, B. J., Belfiore, P., Pinter, E., & Brown, D. K. (1988). Behavioral momentum in the treatment of noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(21), 123–141.
Neef, N. A., Iwata, B. A., & Page, T. J. (1977). The effects of known-item interspersal on acquisition and retention of spelling sight-reading words. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 738.
Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision., 10(4), 437–442.
Reichow, B. (2012). Overview of meta-analyses on early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 512–520.
Roll-Pettersson, L., Alai-Rosales, S., Keenan, M., & Dillenburger, K. (2010). Teaching and learning technologies in higher education: applied behaviour analysis and autism; “necessity is the mother of invention”. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 11, 247–259.
Rowan, V. C., & Pear, J. J. (1985). A comparison of the effects of interspersed and concurrent training sequences on acquisition, retention, and generalizations of picture names. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 6, 127–145.
Sarokoff, R. A., & Sturmey, P. (2004). The effects of behavioral skills training on staff implementation of discrete-trial teaching. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(4), 535–538.
Schreibman, L. (1975). Effects of within-stimulus and extra-stimulus prompting on discrimination learning in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 91–112.
Smith, T. (2001). Discrete trial training in the treatment of autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 16, 86–92.
Tullis, C. A., Cannella-Malone, H. I., Basbigill, A. R., Yeager, A., Fleming, C. V., Payne, D., & Pei-Fang, W. (2011). Review of the choice and preference assessment literature for individuals with severe to profound disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(4), 576–595.
Vaughn, B. J., & Horner, R. H. (1995). Effects of concrete versus verbal choice systems on problem behavior. AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 11, 89–92.
Weiss, M. J. (2001). Expanding ABA intervention in intensive programs for children with autism: the inclusion of natural environment training and fluency based instruction. The Behavior Analyst Today, 2(3), 182–187.
Windsor, J., Piche, L. M., & Locke, P. A. (1994). Preference testing: a comparison of two presentation methods. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15, 439–455.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Mark R. Dixon for the comments on the previous draft of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from parents of all participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guilhardi, P., Smith, J., Rivera, C. et al. Learner Preference Between Massed- and Alternating-Trial Sequencing when Teaching Stimulus Relations to Children with Autism. Behav Analysis Practice 10, 77–82 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0140-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0140-1