Advertisement

Friction

, Volume 5, Issue 3, pp 263–284 | Cite as

Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions

  • Kenneth Holmberg
  • Ali Erdemir
Open Access
Review Article
First Online:

Abstract

Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption, economic expenditure, and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale. This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors: transportation, manufacturing, power generation, and residential. Previously published four case studies on passenger cars, trucks and buses, paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses. The following can be concluded:

  • In total, ~23% (119 EJ) of the world’s total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts. Of that 20% (103 EJ) is used to overcome friction and 3% (16 EJ) is used to remanufacture worn parts and spare equipment due to wear and wear-related failures.

  • By taking advantage of the new surface, materials, and lubrication technologies for friction reduction and wear protection in vehicles, machinery and other equipment worldwide, energy losses due to friction and wear could potentially be reduced by 40% in the long term (15 years)and by 18% in the short term (8 years). On global scale, these savings would amount to 1.4% of the GDP annually and 8.7% of the total energy consumption in the long term.

  • The largest short term energy savings are envisioned in transportation (25%) and in the power generation (20%) while the potential savings in the manufacturing and residential sectors are estimated to be ~10%. In the longer terms, the savings would be 55%, 40%, 25%, and 20%, respectively.

  • Implementing advanced tribological technologies can also reduce the CO2 emissions globally by as much as 1,460 MtCO2 and result in 450,000 million Euros cost savings in the short term. In the longer term, the reduction can be 3,140 MtCO2 and the cost savings 970,000 million Euros.

Fifty years ago, wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95% in ten years by the development and deployment of new tribological solutions. The corresponding estimated savings are today still of the same orders but the calculated contribution to cost reduction is about 74% by friction reduction and to 26% from better wear protection. Overall, wear appears to be more critical than friction as it may result in catastrophic failures and operational breakdowns that can adversely impact productivity and hence cost.

Keywords

friction wear energy saving emission reduction 
Download to read the full article text

Notes

Acknowledgements

This study has been carried out as part of the Finnish joint industrial consortium strategic research action coordinated by DIMECC Ltd within the program on Breakthrough Materials called BSA in the O’DIGS Project. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Tekes, the Finnish Technology Agency, the participating companies, and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Additional support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.

References

  1. [1]
    Jost H P (ed.). Lubrication (Tribology)–A report on the present position and industry’s needs. Department of Education and Science, H. M. Stationary Office, London, UK, 1966.Google Scholar
  2. [2]
    Jost H P. Economic impact of tribology. National Bureau of Standards special publication 423. In Proc. 20 th Meeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group. Gaithersburg, USA, 1974.Google Scholar
  3. [3]
    Jost H P, Schoefield J. Energy saving through tribology: A techno-economic study. Proc Instn Mech Engrs 195: 151–173 (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. [4]
    Jost P H. Tribology–Origin and future. Wear 136: 1–17 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. [5]
    JSPMI. State-of-art report on lubrication practice in Japan (in Japanese). Technical Research Institute, Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry, Japan, Research Report, 1970.Google Scholar
  6. [6]
    Research Report T76-36 Tribologie (Code BMFT-FB-T76-36). Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Technologie (Federal Ministry for Research and Technology), West Germany, 1976.Google Scholar
  7. [7]
    ASME 1977. Strategy for energy conservation through tribology. ASME, New York, 1977Google Scholar
  8. [8]
    ASME 1981. Strategy for energy conservation through tribology. 2nd edition, ASME, New York, 1977Google Scholar
  9. [9]
    China 1986. An investigation on the application of tribology in China. A report by the Tribology Institution of the Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society, September 1986, Beijing, China.Google Scholar
  10. [10]
    IPCC 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Summary for policy makers, 5th Assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, WMO, UNEP, 2014.Google Scholar
  11. [11]
    Wiedmann T O, Schandl H, Lenzen M, Moran D, Suh S, West J, Kanemoto K. The material footprint of nations. PNAS 112: 6271–6276 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. [12]
    Lee P M, Carpick R (eds). Tribological opportunities for enhancing America’s energy efficiency. A report to the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) at the U.S. Department of Energy, 14.2.2017.Google Scholar
  13. [13]
    IEA Energy Technology Persectives 2010. Scenarios & Strategies to 2050 IEA International Energy Agency, Paris, France 2010.Google Scholar
  14. [14]
    Cha S C, Erdemir A (eds). Coating Technology for Vehicle Applications. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. [15]
    Holmberg K, Kivikytö-Reponen P, Härkisaari P, Valtonen K, Erdemir A. Global energy consumption due to friction and wear in the mining industry. Tribology International 115: 116–139 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. [16]
    Nosonovsky M, Bhushan B. Green Tribology-Biomimetics, Energy Conservation and Sustainability. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2012.Google Scholar
  17. [17]
    Holmberg K, Andersson P, Erdemir A. Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars. Tribology International 47: 221–234 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. [18]
    Holmberg K, Siilasto R, Laitinen T, Andersson P, Jäsberg A. Global energy consumption due to friction in paper machines. Tribology International 62: 58–77 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. [19]
    Holmberg K, Andersson P, Nylund P O, Mäkelä K, Erdemir A. Global energy consumption due to friction in trucks and buses. Tribology International 78: 94–114 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. [20]
    IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2016. International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2010.Google Scholar
  21. [21]
    WEC, Global Transport Scenarios 2050. World Energy Council, London, UK, 2011.Google Scholar
  22. [22]
    Komonen K. Maintenance key numbers–Results from 2002 year survey/Kunnossapidon tunnuslukuja-Vuotta 2002 koskevan kyselyn tuloksia (in Finnish), Finnish Maintenance Society, Helsinki, Finland, 2003.Google Scholar
  23. [23]
    IEA Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions–Energy Indicators. International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2007.Google Scholar
  24. [24]
    Erdemir A, Holmberg K. Energy consumption due to friction in motored vehicles and low-friction coatings to reduce it. In Coating Technology for Vehicle Applications. Cha S C, Erdemir A (eds). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2015: 1–23.Google Scholar
  25. [25]
    Mode of transport.Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transport, 16.5.2017Google Scholar
  26. [26]
    Rodrigue J P, Comotois C, Slack B. The Geography of Transport Systems. 3rd edition, Routledge, New York, USA, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. [27]
    IEA Transport, Enenrgy and CO2-Moving Toward Sustainability. International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2009.Google Scholar
  28. [28]
    RITA. Freight Transportation: Global Highlights. US Department of Transportation, Reseacrh and Innovative Technology Administration, RITA Bureau of Transport Statistics, Washington DC, USA, 2010.Google Scholar
  29. [29]
    Davis J R (Ed.). Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance. ASM International, USA, 2001.Google Scholar
  30. [30]
    EU Transport in figures–Statistical pocketbook 2015. European Union, Brussels, Belgium, 2015.Google Scholar
  31. [31]
    Davis S C, Diegel S W, Boundy R G. Transportation Energy Data Book. Edition 32, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA, 2013.Google Scholar
  32. [32]
    IEA World Energy Outlook 2015. International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2015.Google Scholar
  33. [33]
    Barros Bouchet M, Martin J M. The future of boundary lubrication by carbon coatings and environmentally friendly additives. In Advanced Tribology. Luo J, Meng Y, Shao T, Zhao Q (eds). Bejing, China, Tsinghua University Press & Springer, 2010: 598–599.Google Scholar
  34. [34]
    Martin J M, Barros Bouchet M I, Sagawa T. Green tribology: Lubricant compliant superhard DLC coatings. In Proceedings of the 4th World Tribology Conference, Kyoto Japan, 2009.Google Scholar
  35. [35]
    Martin J M, Barros Bouchet M I, Matta C, Zhang Q, Goddard III W A, Okuda S, Sagawa T. Gas-phase lubrication of a ta-C by glycerol and hydrogen peroxide: Experimental and computer modelling. Journal of Physical Chemistry C114: 5003–5011 (2010)Google Scholar
  36. [36]
    Martin J M, Ohmae N. Nanolubricants. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, USA, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. [37]
    Kalin M, Kogovsek J, Remskar M. Mechanisms and improvements in the friction and wear behaviour using MoS2 nanotubes as potential oil additives. Wear 280–281: 36–45 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. [38]
    Kalin M, Kogovsek J, Remskar M. Nanoparticles as novel lubricating additives in a green, physically based lubrication technology for DLC coatings. Wear 303: 480–485 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. [39]
    Xu J, Li J. New achievements in superlubricity from International Workshop on Superlubricity: Fundamental and Applications. Friction 3(4): 344–351 (2015)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  40. [40]
    Dai W, Kheireddin B, Gao H, Liang H. Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication. Tribology International 102: 88–98 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. [41]
    Erdemir A, Ramirez G, Eryilmaz O L, Narayanan B, Liao Y, Karmath G, Sankaranarayanan S K. Carbon-based tribofilms from lubricating oils. Nature 536(7614): 67–71 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. [42]
    Scherge M, Böttcher R, Linsler D, Kurten D. Multi-phase friction and wear reduction by copper nanoparticles. Lubricants 4(36): 1–13 (2016)Google Scholar
  43. [43]
    Ge X, Xia Y, Shu Z, Zhao X. Conductive grease synthesized using nanometer ATO as an additive. Friction 3(1): 56–64 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. [44]
    Tormos B, Ramirez L, Johansson J, Björling M, Larsson R. Fuel consumption and friction benefits of low viscosity engine oils for heavy duty applications. Tribology International 110: 23–34 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. [45]
    Singh S, Singh S, Sehgal A. Impact of low viscosity engine oil on performance, fuel economy and emissions of light duty diesel engine. No. 2016-01-2316. SAE Technical Paper, 2016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. [46]
    Cuthbert J, Gangopadhyay A, Elie L, Liu Z, Mcwatt D, Hock E D, Erdemir A. Engine friction and wear performances with polyalkylene glycol engine oils. SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. [47]
    Choo J H, Forrest A K, Spikes H A. Influence of organic friction modifier on liquid slip: A new mechanism of organic friction modifier action. Tribology Letters 27: 239–244 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. [48]
    Amann T, Kailer A. Ultralow friction of mesogenic fluid mixtures in tribological reciprocating systems. Tribology Letters 37: 343–352 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. [49]
    Qu J, Truhan J J, Dai S, Luo H, Blau P J. Ionic liquids with ammonium cations as lubricants or additives. Tribology Letters 22: 207–214 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. [50]
    Qu J, Blau P, Dai S, Luo H, Meyer III H M. Ionic liquids as novel lubricants and additives for diesel engine applications. Tribology Letters 35: 181–189 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. [51]
    Qu J, Blau P, Dai S, Luo H, Meyer III H M, Truhan J J. Tribological characteristics of aluminium alloys sliding against steel lubricated by ammonium and imidazolium liquids. Wear 267: 1226–1231 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. [52]
    Zhou Y, Qu J. Ionic liquids as lubricant additives: A review. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9(4): 3209–3222 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. [53]
    Li J, Zhang C, Ma L, Liu Y, Luo J. Superlubricity achieved with mixtures of acids and glycerol. Langmuir 29: 271–275 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. [54]
    Luo J, Deng M, Zhang C. Advances of Superlubricity. In Proc. ITS-IFToMM 2017 and K-TIS 2017, Jeju, Korea, 2017.Google Scholar
  55. [55]
    Zhang Y. An improved hydrodynamic journal bearing with the boundary slippage. Meccanica 50: 25–38 (2015)MathSciNetzbMATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. [56]
    Forster N H. Rolling contact testing of vapour phase lubricants–Part III: Surface analysis. Tribology Transactions 42(1): 1–9 (1999)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  57. [57]
    Argibay N, Keith J H, Krick B A, Hahn D W, Bourne G R, Sawer W G. High-temperature vapour phase lubrication using carbonaceous gases. Tribology Letters 40: 3–9 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. [58]
    Greiner C, Felts J R, Dai Z, King W P, Carpick R W. Controlling nanoscale friction through the competition between capillary adsorption and thermal activated sliding. AVS Nano 6(5): 4305–4313 (2012)Google Scholar
  59. [59]
    Berman D, Krim J. Surface science, MEMS and NEMS: Progress and opportunities for surface science research performed on, or by, microdevices. Progress in Surface Science 88: 171–211 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. [60]
    Kim H J, Seo K J, Kang K H, Kim D E. Nano-lubrication: A review. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 17(6): 829–841 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. [61]
    Hsu S M, Shen M. Wear prediction of ceramics. Wear 256: 867–878 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. [62]
    Tsai M H, Yeh J W. High-entropy alloys: A critical review. Materials Research Letters 2(3): 107–123 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. [63]
    Buluc G, Florea I, Chelariu R, Rusu O, Carcea I. Microstructure and wear resistance of FeNiCrMnCu high entropy alloy. Trans Tech Publications 1143: 3–6 (2017)Google Scholar
  64. [64]
    Yu Y, Wang J, Li J, Yang J, Kou H, Liu W. Tribological behavior of AlCoCrFeNi (Ti 0.5) high entropy alloys under oil and MACs lubrication. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 32(5): 470–476 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. [65]
    Nilufar S. Experimental investigation of structure, composition and properties of novel metal-carbon covetic materials. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, 2014.Google Scholar
  66. [66]
    Della Corte C. Novel Super-Elastic Materials for Advanced Bearing Applications. In: Advances in Science and Technology, Trans Tech Publications 89: 1–9 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. [67]
    Qunfeng Z, Dong G, Martin J M. Green superlubricity of Nitinol 60 alloy against steel in presence of castor oil. Scientific Reports 6, 2016.Google Scholar
  68. [68]
    Bagherifard S, Fernandez-Pariente I, Ghelichi R, Guagliano M. Severe shot peening to obtain nanostructured surfaces: process and properties of the treated surfaces. Handbook of Mechanical Nanostructuring, 299–323(2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. [69]
    Unal O, Varol R, Erdogan A, Gok M S. Wear behaviour of low carbon steel after severe shot peening. Materials Research Innovations 17(7): 519–523 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. [70]
    Besharati-Givi M K, Asadi P. Advances in Friction-stir Welding and Processing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2014.Google Scholar
  71. [71]
    Seraj R A, Abdollah-Zadeh A, Hajian M, Kargar F, Soltanalizadeh R. Microstructural evolution and wear resistance of friction stir-processed AISI 52100 steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47(7): 3564–3572 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. [72]
    Singh S, Ramakrishna S, Singh R. Material issues in additive manufacturing: A review. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 25: 185–200 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. [73]
    Frazier W E. Metal additive manufacturing: A review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23(6): 1917–1928 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. [74]
    Baig U M, Khan A A, Rajakumar D R. Wear characterization of direct steel–H20 specimens produced by additive manufacturing techniques. In Advances in 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Wimpenny D I, Pandey P M, Kumar L J (eds). Springer, Singapore, 2017, 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. [75]
    Kasonde M, Kanyanta V. Future of superhard material design, processing and manufacturing. In Microstructure- Property Correlations for Hard, Superhard, and Ultrahard Materials. Kanyanta V (ed.). Springer, Singapore, 2016: 211–239.Google Scholar
  76. [76]
    Bartolomeu F, Sampaio M, Carvalho O, Pinto E, Alves N, Gomes J R, Miranda G. Tribological behavior of Ti6Al4V cellular structures produced by Selective Laser Melting. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2017.Google Scholar
  77. [77]
    Sundararajan G, Joshi S V, Krishna L R. Engineered surfaces for automotive engine and power train components. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 11: 1–6 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. [78]
    Jacobson S, Hogmark S. Surface modifications in tribological contacts. Wear 266: 370–378 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. [79]
    Goldbaum D, Poirier D, Irissou E, Legoux J G, Moreau C. Review on Cold Spray Process and Technology US Patents. In Modern Cold Spray. Springer International Publishing, 2015: 403–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. [80]
    Timur S, Kartal G, Eryilmaz O L, Erdemir A. U.S. Patent No. 8,951,402. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 2015.Google Scholar
  81. [81]
    Holmberg K, Matthews A. Coatings Tribology–Properties, Mechanisms, Techniques and Applications in Surface Engineering. Elsevier Tribology and Interface Engineering Elsevier Series. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier; 2009.Google Scholar
  82. [82]
    Berman D, Deshmukh S A, Sankaranarayanan S K R S, Erdemir A, Sumant A V. Macroscale superlubricity enabled by graphene nanoscroll formation. Science express 14 May 2015/10.1126/science.1262024.Google Scholar
  83. [83]
    Ronkainen H, Elomaa O, Varjus S, Kilpi L, Jaatinen T, Koskinen J. The influence of carbon based coatings and surface finish on the tribological performance in high-load contacts. Tribology International 96: 402–409 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. [84]
    Yang J, Xia Y, Song H, Chen B, Zhang Z. Synthesis of the liquid-like graphene with excellent tribological properties. Tribology International 105: 118–124 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. [85]
    Davis J R (Ed.). Handbook of Thermal Spray Technology. TTS ASM Thermal Spray Society, ASM International, USA, 2004.Google Scholar
  86. [86]
    Gerard B. Application of thermal spraying in the automotive industry. Surface and Coatings Technology 201: 2028–2031 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. [87]
    Lima R S, Marple B R. Thermal spray coatings engineered from nanostructural ceramic agglomerated powders for structural, thermal barrier and biomedical applications: A review. Journal of Thermal Spray Coatings 16: 40–63 (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. [88]
    Pawlowski L. The Science and Engineering of Thermal Spray Coatings. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. [89]
    Castro R M, Cavaler L C C, Marques F M, Bristot V M, Rocha A S. Comparative of the tribological performance of hydraulic cylinders coated by the process of thermal spray HVOF and hard chrome plating. Tribology in Industry 36: 79–89 (2014)Google Scholar
  90. [90]
    Kovalchenko A, Ajayi O O, Erdemir A, Fenske G R, Etsion I. The effect of laser texturing of steel surface and speed-load parameters on lubrication regime transition from boundary to hydrodynamic. Tribology Transactions 47: 299–307 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. [91]
    Klingerman Y, Etsion I, Shinkarenko A. Improving tribological performance of piston rings by partial surface texturing. Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Tribology 127: 632–638 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. [92]
    Ryk G, Etsion I. Testing piston rings with partial laser surface texturing for friction reduction. Wear 261: 792–796 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. [93]
    Etsion I. Surface texturing. In Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, 2 nd edition. Totten G (ed.). CRC Taylor & Francis, London, UK, Vol 2, Chapter 53, 2012.Google Scholar
  94. [94]
    Etsion I, Sher E. Improving fuel efficiency with laser surface textured piston rings. Tribology International 42: 542–547 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. [95]
    Ishida Y, Usami H, Hoshino Y. Effect of micro dimples on frictional properties in boundary lubrication condition. In Proceedings of the World Tribology Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 2009.Google Scholar
  96. [96]
    Wang X, Yu H, Huang W. Surface texture design for different circumstances. In Proceedings of the 1st International Brazilian Conference on Tribology, TriboBR 2010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2010: 97–107.Google Scholar
  97. [97]
    Canter N. Tribocatalysis: A new extreme pressure lubrication approach. Tribology and Lubrication Technology 72(10): 10–11 (2016)Google Scholar
  98. [98]
    Varenberg M, Ryk G, Yakhnis A, Kligerman Y, Kondekar N, McDowell M T. Mechano-chemical surface modification with Cu2S: Including superior lubricity. Tribology Letters 64(28): 1–7 (2016)Google Scholar
  99. [99]
    Holmberg K, Laukkanen A, Ghabchi A, Rombouts M, Turunen E, Waudby R, Suhonen T, Valtonen K, Sarlin E. Computational modelling based wear resistance analysis of thick composite coatings. Tribology International 72: 13–30 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. [100]
    Holmberg K, Laukkanen A, Turunen E, Laitinen T. Wear resistance optimisation ofcomposite coatings bycomputational microstructural modelling and simulation. Surface and Coatings Technology 247: 1–13 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. [101]
    Laukkanen A, Holmberg K, Ronkainen H, Stachowiack G, Podsiadlo P, Wolski M, Gee M, Gachot C, Li L. Topographical orientation effects on surface stresses influencing on wear in sliding DLC contacts, Part 2: Modelling and simulations. Wear, in press, 2017.Google Scholar
  102. [102]
    Schmitz GJ, Prahl U (eds). Handbook of Software Solutions for ICME. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, Germany, 2017.Google Scholar
  103. [103]
    Jacobs T D, Carpick R W. Nanoscale wear as a stress-assisted chemical reaction. Nature Nanotechnology 8(2): 108–112 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. [104]
    Berman D, Erdemir A, Sumant A V. Graphene: A new emerging lubricant. Materials Today 17(1): 31–42 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. [105]
    Khare V, Pham M Q, Kumari N, Yoon H S, Kim C S, Park J I, Ahn S H. Graphene–ionic liquid based hybrid nanomaterials as novel lubricant for low friction and wear. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5(10): 4063–4075 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. [106]
    Spear J C, Ewers B W, Batteas J D. 2D-nanomaterials for controlling friction and wear at interfaces. Nano Today 10(3): 301–314 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The author(s) 2017

Open Access: The articles published in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTTEspooFinland
  2. 2.Argonne National LaboratoryArgonneUSA

Personalised recommendations