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Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in older indigenous peoples of Brazil: findings from a cross-sectional survey

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Abstract

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent disease worldwide, with increasing incidence particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Indigenous communities have poorer CKD outcomes due to limited access to healthcare. They are also experiencing a shift toward a sedentary lifestyle and urbanization-related dietary changes, increasing the risk of CKD-related risk factors.

Aim

To determine the prevalence of CKD in older Brazilian indigenous and identify the main associated risk factors.

Methods

This cross-sectional study analyzed demographic and clinical data of 229 older indigenous individuals aged 60 years and above in 2022–2023. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a urinary albumin–creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g. Data were presented categorically and analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.

Results

The prevalence of CKD in the population was 26.6%, with higher prevalence in women and increasing with age. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was 67.7% and 24.0%, respectively, and these comorbidities were associated with CKD: hypertension (OR = 5.12; 95% CI 2.2–11.9) and diabetes (OR = 5.5; 95% CI 3.7–8.2). No association was found between the prevalence of CKD and obesity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, or smoking.

Discussion

The study found a higher prevalence of CKD among older indigenous populations in Brazil compared to non-indigenous populations, which is exacerbated by risk factors, such as aging, hypertension, diabetes, and lifestyle changes, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention in these communities.

Conclusion

Older persons’ indigenous individuals have a high prevalence of CKD, which is correlated with factors, such as sex, age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

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Data availability

Data on Brazilian indigenous peoples is restricted by various regulations. Therefore, we are not allowed to freely distribute our dataset. Any researcher interested in our dataset must obtain permission from the official regulatory agency: Fundação Nacional do Índio – FUNAI (https://www.gov.br/funai/pt-br).

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)—Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications of Brazil.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Postgraduate Program in Human Ecology and Socio-Environmental Management, Bahia State University-UNEB, Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil

    Orlando Vieira Gomes, Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza, Jandir Mendonça Nicacio, Vanessa Cardoso Pereira & Anderson da Costa Armstrong

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil

    Orlando Vieira Gomes, Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza, Jandir Mendonça Nicacio & Anderson da Costa Armstrong

  3. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil

    Rodrigo Feliciano do Carmo

  4. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Institute Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

    Manoel Barral-Netto

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  1. Orlando Vieira Gomes
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Contributions

Conceptualization: OVG, CDFS, and ACA; methodology: OVG and CDFS; formal analysis and investigation: OVG, CDFS, JMN, RFC, VCP, MBN, and ACA; writing—original draft preparation: OVG and CDFS; writing—review and editing: OVG, CDFS, and ACA; supervision: MBN and ACA.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Orlando Vieira Gomes.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical standards

All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas-CEP/UFAL.

Informed consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the study.

Statement of human participants and/or animals

All the procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

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Gomes, O.V., de Souza, C.D.F., Nicacio, J.M. et al. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in older indigenous peoples of Brazil: findings from a cross-sectional survey. Aging Clin Exp Res 35, 2201–2209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02510-y

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