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Electrification in the Transportation, Buildings, and Industrial Sectors: a Review of Opportunities, Barriers, and Policies

  • Electrification (J Logan, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Interest in electrifying vehicles, buildings, and industrial processes is growing as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as the electric grid becomes less carbon-intensive. This review briefly summarizes the largest opportunities and discusses barriers to electrification and policy experience to date.

Recent Findings

Recent developments include new rate structures for electric vehicle chargers, growing programs to target electric vehicles for disadvantaged communities and to promote heat pumps for buildings, and interest in mandates including zero emission vehicle sales-share requirements and prohibiting use of natural gas in new building construction.

Summary

The opportunity for carbon reductions and increased electricity sales from electrification is highest in the transportation sector. Electrification challenges include economics, consumer acceptance, electric grid impacts, and limited product availability and dealer/contractor acceptance for some market segments. Current policies to promote electrification emphasize incentives and mandates. In the transportation sector, evaluations find that a combination of policies working together can have a substantial impact on EV sales. In the residential sector, upstream incentives paid to wholesalers and midstream incentives paid to contractors have worked well. Emerging policy areas for the next few years are discussed.

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Notes

  1. The distinction between energy efficiency and electrification is somewhat arbitrary, as many forms of electrification, such as many EVs and high-efficiency heat pumps save energy relative to traditional vehicles and heat systems [2].

  2. Level 1 chargers are based on power of about 120 V, level 2 on power of about 240 V, and DC fast chargers on about 500 V (sometimes more).

  3. Electrify America is a Volkswagen subsidiary funded as part of its settlement with the California and US governments on diesel car emissions.

  4. Ductless heat pumps are also an option, but if a home already has ducts, a ducted unit will generally be less expensive.

  5. Flammable refrigerants may be appropriate for some applications but are not appropriate for other applications.

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    Steven Nadel

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Steven Nadel declares that ACEEE receives modest support from several electric and gas utilities. They join our corporate Ally program, sponsor conferences, and sponsor research projects. Taken together, they are less than 5% of our total budget. And, since they are electric, gas, and combined utilities, they differ in opinions—some want more electrification, some less.

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Nadel, S. Electrification in the Transportation, Buildings, and Industrial Sectors: a Review of Opportunities, Barriers, and Policies. Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep 6, 158–168 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-019-00138-z

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