Abstract
The current research was undertaken to assess the mitigating roles of 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) and 1 mM indole acetic acid (IAA) under 1 mM ferulic acid (FA) toxicity in Brassica seedlings. The experiment was conducted in glasshouse, seeds were primed with SA, on 21st day after sowing (DAS) FA treatment was given through root exposure and on 28th DAS plants were foliar sprayed with IAA then were analyzed for different growth parameters. FA stress reduced photosynthetic content, relative water content, protein content, nitrate reductase activity and anthocyanin content while it elevates antioxidant enzyme activity, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, proline content, total phenolic content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. Moreover, when FA stressed plants were supplemented with exogenous SA and IAA growth amelioration was noticed. Phytohormonal application in stressed plants buttressed the plant defence system by influencing diverse physiobiochemical parameters to combat stress and to ensure better crop yield. In conclusion, SA and IAA application prove to be capable of overcoming the toxic effects of FA in Brassica plants showing maximum amelioration in combined treatment of SA and IAA.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abenavoli, M. R., Lupini, A., Oliva, S., & Sorgona, A. (2010). Allelochemical effects on net nitrate uptake and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in maize seedlings. Plant Biology, 54, 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0024-0
Agami, R. A., & Mohamed, G. F. (2013). Exogenous treatment with indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity in wheat seedlings. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 94, 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.013
Ahmad, P., Alyemeni, M. N., Ahanger, M. A., Egamberdieva, D., Wijaya, L., & Alam, P. (2018). Salicylic acid (SA) induced alterations in growth, biochemical attributes and antioxidant enzyme activity in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seedlings under NaCl toxicity. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 65(1), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443718010132
Alberto, L., & Rabino, M. I. (1975). Photocontrol of anthocyanin synthesis. IV. Dose dependence and reciprocity relationships in anthocyanin synthesis. Plant Physiology, 56, 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.56.3.351
Barkosky, R. R., Einhellig, F. A., & Butler, J. L. (2000). Caffeic acid induced changes in plant-water relationships and photosynthesis in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26, 2095–2109. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005564315131
Barrs, H. D. (1968). Determination of water deficits in plant tissues. In T. T. Kozlowski (Ed.), Water deficit and plant growth (Vol. I, pp. 235–368). Academic Press.
Bates, L. S., Walderen, R. D., & Taere, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Beyer, W. F., & Fridovich, I. (1987). Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: Some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Analytical Biochemistry, 161, 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(87)90489-1
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Cakmak, I., & Marschner, H. (1992). Magnesium deficiency and high light intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in bean leaves. Plant Physiology, 98, 1222–1227. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.98.4.1222
dosSantos, W. D., Ferrarese, M. D. L., Finger, A., Teixeira, A. C. N., & Ferrarese, O. (2004). Lignification and related enzymes in Glycine max root growth-inhibition by ferulic acid. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30, 1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000030272.83794.f0
Farhangi-Abriz, S., & Ghassemi-Golezani, K. (2018). How can salicylic acid and jasmonic acid mitigate salt toxicity in soybean plants? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147, 1010–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.070
Hayat, S., Maheshwari, P., Wani, A. S., Irfan, M., Alyemeni, M. N., & Ahmad, A. (2012). Comparative effect of 28 homobrassinolide and salicylic acid in the amelioration of NaCl stress in Brassica juncea L. Plant Physiolgy and Biochemistry, 53, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.01.011
Heath, R. L., & Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. 1. Kinetics and stoichiochemitry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(68)90654-1
Hedge, J. E., & Hofreiter, B. T. (1962). Estimation of carbohydrate. In R. L. Whistler & J. N. Be Miller (Eds.), Methods in carbohydrate chemistry (pp. 17–22). Academic Press.
Hemeda, H. M., & Klein, B. P. (1990). Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetable extracts. Journal of Food Science, 55, 184–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06048.x
Hoagland, D.R., & Arnon, D. I. (1950). The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Circular 347,2nd ed., California Agriculture Experiment Station. University of California, Berkley,CA.
Hussain, I., Singh, N. B., Singh, A., Singh, H., Singh, S. C., & Yadav, V. (2017). Exogenous application of phytosynthesized nanoceria to alleviate ferulic acid stress in Solanum lycopersicum. Scientia Horticulturae, 214, 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.11.032
Jaworski, E. (1971). Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissue. Biochemical and Biophysics Research Communications, 43, 1274–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(71)80010-4
Karlidag, H., Yildirim, E., & Turan, M. (2009). Salicylic acid ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress on strawberry. Scientia Agricola, 66, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162009000200006
Kaya, C., Akram, N. A., & Ashraf, M. (2018). Kinetin and indole acetic acid promote antioxidant defense system and reduce oxidative stress in maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown at boron toxicity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 37(4), 1258–1266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-018-9827-6
Khan, M. I. R., Asgher, M., & Khan, N. A. (2014). Alleviation of salt-induced photosynthesis and growth inhibition by salicylic acid involves glycinebetaine and ethylene in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 80, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.026
Khare, S., Singh, N. B., Singh, A., Hussain, I., Niharika, K., Yadav, V., Bano, C., Yadav, R. K., & Amist, N. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites synthesis and their regulations under biotic and abiotic constraints. Journal of Plant Biology, 63, 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-020-09245-7
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophyll and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic bio-membranes. In L. Packer & R. Douce (Eds.), Methods in Enzymology (pp. 350–382). Academic Press.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J. M., & Bouharmont, J. (1996). NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Annals of Botany, 78, 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0134
Mac Donald, M. J., & D’Cunha, G. B. (2007). A modern view of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 85, 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1139/o07-018
Nakano, Y., & Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology, 22, 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232
Niharika., Singh, N. B., Khare, S., Singh, A., Yadav, V., & Yadav, R. K. (2021). Kinetin modulates physiological and biochemical attributes of Vigna radiata L. seedlings exposed to 2-benzoxazolinone stress. Biologia, 76(5), 1377–1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00734-9
Niharika., Singh, N. B., Khare, S., Singh, A., Yadav, V., & Yadav, R. K. (2021). Attenuation of vanillic acid toxicity by foliar application with indole-3-acetic acid in tomato seedlings. International Journal of Vegetable Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2021.1935387
Niharika., Singh, N. B., Singh, A., Khare, S., Yadav, V., Bano, C., & Yadav, R. K. (2021). Mitigating strategies of gibberellins in various environmental cues and their crosstalk with other hormonal pathways in plants: A review. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 39(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-020-01231-0
Omezzine, F., & Haouala, R. (2013). Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. development stages on some phytochemicals content and allelopathic potential. Scientia Horticulturae, 160, 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.06.023
Raju, A. D., Parihar, P., Singh, R., Kumar, J., & Prasad, S. M. (2020). Synergistic action of indole acetic acid with homobrassinolide in easing the NaCl-induced toxicity in Solanum melongena L. seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42, 68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03054-8
Sampietro, D. A., Sgariglia, M. A., Soberon, J. R., & Vattuone, M. A. (2013). Phytochemical resistance-traits in crops against pests and diseases. Allelopathy Journal, 31(1), 33–50.
Siddiqui, M. H., Alamri, S. A., Al-Khaishany, M. Y., Al-Qutami, M. A., Ali, H. M., & Khan, M. N. (2017). Sodium nitroprusside and indole acetic acid improve the tolerance of tomato plants to heat stress by protecting against DNA damage. Journal of Plant Interaction, 12(1), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1310941
Singleton, V. L., & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144–158.
Sunaina, & Singh, N. B. (2015). Alleviation of allelopathic stress of benzoic acid by indole acetic acid in Solanum lycopersicum. Scientia Horticulturae, 192, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.013
Tyagi, S. R., & Agarwal, R. M. (2011). Analysis of Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. From Allelopathic View Point. Journal of Functional Experimental Botany, 1(2), 133–138.
Vaughan, D., & Ord, B. G. (1990). Influence of phenolic acids on morphological changes in roots of Pisum sativum. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 52(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740520302
Velikova, V., Yordanov, I., & Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant system in acid rain-treated bean plants. Plant Science, 151, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00197-1
Wang, C. M., Chen, H. T., Li, T. C., Weng, J. H., Jhan, Y. L., Lin, S. X., & Chou, C. H. (2014). The role of pentacyclic triterpenoids in the allelopathic effects of Alstonia scholaris. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 40, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0376-y
Yadav, V., Singh, H., Singh, A., Hussain, I., & Singh, N. B. (2018). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under cinnamic acid stress. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 44(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367418010202
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission for extending financial assistance to Miss Niharika for carrying this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niharika, Singh, N.B., Khare, S. et al. Salicylic acid and Indole acetic acid synergistically ameliorates Ferulic acid toxicity in Brassica juncea L. seedlings. Plant Physiol. Rep. 26, 729–740 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-021-00617-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-021-00617-w