Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples for Periodontal Disease and Interactions with Systemic Health

  • Systemic Diseases (N Buduneli, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Oral Health Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review examines the current literature on the potential of systemic biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring periodontal diseases and also their role in the interaction with systemic diseases.

Recent Findings

Numerous potential biomarkers in saliva or serum samples have been investigated in mainly cross-sectional, but also in some longitudinal studies. Periodontal diseases are multifactorial in nature and clinical findings are the result of the interactions between microorganisms and host response. Moreover, systemic health, genetic factors, psychological stress, and environmental factors can have significant impact on the clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is not realistic to find a single biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal diseases. However, there are enzymes and inflammatory cytokines that may discriminate healthy periodontium from gingivitis/periodontitis and some others may partly explain the mechanisms of interaction between periodontal disease and systemic diseases.

Summary

Recent publications have revealed some significant associations between various potential biomarkers and clinical periodontal parameters, but larger scale and intervention studies are required to better clarify the issue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. • Kinane DF, Chestnutt IG. Relationship of diabetes to periodontitis. Curr Opin Periodontol. 1997;4:29–34 This paper emphasises the special interaction between diabetes and periodontitis showing the path for further research.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner ACR, Yu WH, et al. The human oral microbiom. J Bacteriol. 2010;192:5002–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Larsen T, Fiehn N-E. Dental biofilm infections–an update. APMIS. 2017;125:376–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. • Loos BG, Papantonopoulos G, Jepsen S, Laine ML. What is the contribution of genetics to periodontal risk? Dent Clin N Am. 2015;59(4):761–80 This paper provides a comprehensive outline of genetic factors in the onset of periodontal diseases.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Miller CS, Ebersole JL, Spertus J, Rose BG, et al. Use of saliva-based nano-biochip tests for acute myocardial infarction at the point of care: a feasibility study. Clin Chem. 2009;55(8):1530–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Miller CS, Foley JD 3rd, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Ebersole JL, Campbell CL, et al. Utility of salivary biomarkers for demonstrating acute myocardial infarction. J Dent Res. 2014;93(7 Suppl):72S–9S.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Grassl N, Kulak NA, Pichler G, Geyer PE, Jung J, Schubert S, et al. Ultra-deep and quantitative saliva proteome reveals dynamics of the oral microbiome. Genome Med. 2016;8:44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. •• Heikkenen AM, Nwhator SO, Rathnayake N, Mantyla P, Vatanen P, Sorsa T. Pilot study on oral health status as assessed by an active matrix metalloproteinase-8 chairside mouthrinse test in adolescents. J Periodontol. 2016;87(1):36–40 This paper provides data emphasising the role of MMP-8 as a chair-side diagnostic test for periodontal diseases.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Miller CS, King CP Jr, Langub MC, Kryscio RJ, Thomas MV. Salivary biomarkers of existing periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(3):322–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ramseier CA, Kinney JS, Herr AE, Braun T, Sugai JV, Shelburne CA, et al. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2009;80(3):436–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Costa PP, Trevisan GL, Macedo GO, Palioto DB, Souza SL, Grisi MF, et al. Salivary interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and osteoprotegerin in patients with periodontitis and diabetes. J Periodontol. 2010;81(3):384–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pradhan-Palikhe P, Tervahartiala T, Pussinen PJ, Suominen-Taipale L, et al. Salivary MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP as markers of advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(6):487–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. • Kinney JS, Morelli T, Braun T, Ramseier CA, Herr AE, Sugai JV, et al. Saliva/pathogen biomarker signatures and periodontal disease progression. J Dent Res. 2011;90(6):752–8 This paper provides important data on the potential of a group of biomarkers for periodontal disease progression.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang L, Li X, Yan H, Huang L. Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) as a biomarker for periodontitis. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(3):e9642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sexton WM, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR 3rd, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease in response to treatment. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(5):434–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, Sherrabeh S, Lappin DF. Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker versus non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(10):846–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Pussinen PJ, Tervahartiala T, Hyvärinen K, Suominen AL, et al. Use of host- and bacteria-derived salivary markers in detection of periodontitis: a cumulative approach. Dis Markers. 2011;30(6):299–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jaedicke KM, Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):164–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Baltacıoğlu E, Yuva P, Aydın G, Alver A, Kahraman C, Karabulut E, et al. Lipid peroxidation levels and total oxidant/antioxidant status in serum and saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Oxidative stress index: a new biomarker for periodontal disease? J Periodontol. 2014;85(10):1432–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Baňasová L, Kamodyová N, Janšáková K, Tóthová Ľ, Stanko P, Turňa J, et al. Salivary DNA and markers of oxidative stress in patients with chronic periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(2):201–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Villa-Correa YA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Prognostic value of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and human neutrophil elastase/α1-proteinase inhibitor complex as salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(11):1260–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Novakovic N, Todorovic T, Rakic M, Milinkovic I, Dozic I, Jankovic S, et al. Salivary antioxidants as periodontal biomarkers in evaluation of tissue status and treatment outcome. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49(1):129–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bertl K, Schoiber A, Haririan H, Laky M, Steiner I, Rausch WD, et al. Non-surgical periodontal therapy influences salivary melatonin levels. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1219–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Paraskevas S, Huizinga JD, Loos BG. A systematic review and meta-analysis on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(4):277–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vidal F, Figueredo CM, Cordovil I, Fischer RG. Periodontal therapy reduces plasma levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen in patients with severe periodontitis and refractory arterial hypertension. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):786–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. de Oliveira C, Watt R, Hamer M. Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish health survey. BMJ. 2010;27(340):c2451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Yoshii S, Tsuboi S, Morita I, Takami Y, Adachi K, Inukai J, et al. Temporal association of elevated C-reactive protein and periodontal disease in men. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):734–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Buhlin K, Hultin M, Noderyd O, Persson L, Pockley AG, Rabe P, et al. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in cases with severe periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(7):541–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Demmer RT, Trinquart L, Zuk A, Fu BC, Blomkvist J, Michalowicz BS, et al. The influence of anti-infective periodontal treatment on C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. • Garlanda C, Maina V, Cotena A, Moalli F. The soluble pattern recognition receptor pentraxin-3 in innate immunity, inflammation and fertility. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;83:128–33 This is a pioneering study on the functions of PTX-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gümüş P, Nizam N, Nalbantsoy A, Özçaka Ö, Buduneli N. Saliva and serum levels of pentraxin-3 and interleukin-1beta in generalized aggressive or chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2014;85(3):e40–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Akram Z, Rahim ZH, Taiyeb-Ali TB, Shahdan MS, Baharuddin NA, Vaithilingam RD, et al. Resistin as potential biomarker for chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;73:311–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Li S, Schmalz G, Schmidt J, Krause F, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Antimicrobial peptides as a possible interlink between periodontal diseases and its risk factors: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2018;53(2):145–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hasuike A, Iguchi S, Suziki D, Kawano E, Sato S. Systematic review and assessment of systematic reviews examining the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(2):e167–76.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Kardeşler L, Buduneli N, Çetinkalp Ş, Kinane DF. Adipokines and inflammatory mediators after initial periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2010;81(1):24–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Akram Z, Safii SH, Vaithilingam RD, Baharuddin NA, Javed F, Vohra F. Efficacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy in the management of chronic periodontitis among obese and non-obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20(5):903–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, İlgenli T, Buduneli E, Nalbantsoy A, Saraç F, et al. Is obesity a possible modifier of periodontal disease as a chronic inflammatory process? A case-control study. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49(4):465–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bıyıkoğlu B, Buduneli N, Aksu K, Nalbantsoy A, Lappin DF, Evrenosoğlu E, et al. Periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis lowers gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1beta and DAS28 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2607–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sivestre FJ, Silvestre-Rangil J, Bagan L, Bagan JV. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2016;21(3):e349–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan BÖ, Akcali A, Biçakci N, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Is there an interaction between polycistic ovary syndrome and gingival inflammation? J Periodontol. 2012;83(12):1529–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Akcalı A, Bostanci N, Özçaka Ö, Gümüş P, Öztürk-Ceyhan B, Tervahartiala T, et al. Gingival inflammation and salivary or serum granulocyte-secreted enzymes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Periodontol. 2017;88(11):1145–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Gümüş P, Kahraman-Çeneli S, Akcalı A, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Buduneli N, et al. Association of thalassemia major and gingival inflammation: a pilot study. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;64:80–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Akcalı A, Kahraman-Çeneli S, Gümüş P, Buduneli N, Lappin DF, Özçaka Ö. The association between thalassemia major and periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2015;86(9):1047–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Akcalı A, Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Öztürk-Ceyhan B, Tervahartiala T, Husu H, et al. Proteolytic mediators in gestational diabetes mellitus and gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2017;88(3):289–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gümüş P, Özçaka Ö, Ceyhan-Öztürk B, Akcalı A, Lappin DF, Buduneli N. Evaluation of biochemical parameters and local and systemic levels of osteoactive and B-cell stimulatory factors in gestational diabetes in the presence or absence of gingivitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86(3):387–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S149–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey

    Nurcan Buduneli

Authors
  1. Nurcan Buduneli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nurcan Buduneli.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any new studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Systemic Diseases

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Buduneli, N. Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum Samples for Periodontal Disease and Interactions with Systemic Health. Curr Oral Health Rep 6, 31–36 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-019-0207-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-019-0207-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation