Abstract
This paper has the main objective to analyze the influence of the reaming process on surface properties (topography, affected layer and tribological performance) of self-lubricating composites. Tests were performed with constant cutting parameters—cutting speed (vc = 20 m/min), feed (f = 0.3 mm/rev.) and depth of cut (ap = 0.25 mm). The materials are composites with solid lubricants (6.5%vol of graphite and 1%vol of h-BN—hexagonal Boron Nitride) mixed in a Fe–4Ni–0.5Si alloy manufactured by pressing and sintering. The surfaces analysis showed that the reaming process significantly modified the surfaces, reducing the percentage of pores + solid lubricants by approximately 15% compared with the sintered surfaces. The reaming process had a great influence on the anisotropy of the surface, as well as in the roughness parameters Sz (maximum height), Sbi (bearing surface index), Sk (core height), Ssk (kurtosis) and Ssk (skewness). The friction coefficient of the reamed surface stayed below the lubricity limit (μ < 0.2). The reamed surfaces presented a friction coefficient of around 62.5% and wear rate approximately 560% higher than the sintered surfaces.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Holmberg K, Andersson P, Erdemir A (2012) Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars. Tribol Int 47:221–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022
Holmberg K, Erdemir A (2019) The impact of tribology on energy use and CO2 emission globally and in combustion engine and electric cars. Tribol Int 135:389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.024
Holmberg K, Erdemir A (2017) Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5:263–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5
Kato H, Takama M, Iwai Y, Washida K, Sasaki Y (2003) Wear and mechanical properties of sintered Cooper–TIN composites containing graphite or molybdenum disulfide. Wear 255:573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00072-3
Erdemir A (2001) Solid lubricants and self-lubricating solids. In: Bhushan B (ed) Modern tribology handbook, vol 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 787–818
Clauss FJ (1972) Solid lubricants and self-lubricating solids, 1st edn. Academic Press, New York
Dangsheng X (2001) Lubrication behavior of Ni–Cr-based alloys containing MoS2 at high temperature. Wear 251:1094–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00803-1
Erdemir A (2005) Review of engineered tribological interfaces for improved boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 38:249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2004.08.008
Qin W, Fu L, Zhu J, Yang W, Li D, Zhou L (2018) Tribological properties of self-lubricating Ta-Cu films. Appl Surf Sci 435:1105–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.220
Hammes G, Schroeder R, Binder C, Klein AN, De Mello JDB (2014) Effect of double pressing/double sintering on the sliding wear of self-lubricating sintered composites. Tribol Int 70:119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2013.09.016
Hammes G, Mucelin KJ, Gonçalves PC, Binder C, Binder R, Janssen R, Klein AN, De Mello JDB (2017) Effect of hexagonal boron nitride and graphite on mechanical and scuffing resistance of self lubricating iron based composite. Wear 376–377:1084–1090
Binder C, Bendo T, Pereira RV, Hammes G, De Mello JDB, Klein NA (2016) Influence of the SiC content and sintering temperature on the microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of sintered self-lubricating composites. Powder Metall 59:384–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2016.1250036
Binder C, Bendo T, Hammes G, Neves GO, Binder R, De Mello JDB, Klein AN (2017) Structure and properties of in situ-generated two-dimensional turbostratic graphite nodules. Carbon 124:685–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.036
Trent EM, Wright PK (2000) Metal cutting, 4th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn
Davies DP, Jenkins SL, Legg SJ (2014) The Effect machining processes can have on the fatigue life and surface integrity of critical helicopter components. Proc CIRP 13:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.04.005
Smith GT, Allsop MJ (1991) Some aspects in the surface integrity associated with turning of powder metallurgy compacts. Wear 150:289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(91)90324-N
Leveille T, Valiorgue F, Claudin C, Rech J, Van-Robaeys A, Masciantonio U, Brosse A, Dorlin T (2022) Influence of the reaming process on hole’s surface integrity and geometry in a martensitic stainless steel 15–5PH. Proc CIRP 108:384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.03.062
Budinski KG (1988) Surface engineering for wear resistance, 1st edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Keller J, Fridrici V, Kapsa P, Huard JF (2009) Surface topography and tribology of cast iron in boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 42:1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.02.008
De Mello JDB, Juste KC, Kapsa P, Binder C, Klein AN (2018) Influence of surface finishing on the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating iron bases composite. Tribol T 61:560–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2017.1378393
Ebersbach FG, Hammes G, De Mello JDB, Schroeter RB, Binder C, Klein AN (2021) Tribological behavior of surfaces obtained by turning in sintered self-lubricating composites. Tribol T 64:143–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2020.1812782
Metal Powder Industries Federation (2012) Standard test methods for metal powders and powder metallurgy products, 37–42
International Organization for Standardization (ISO 16610-71), 2014. Geometrical product specifications (GPS)—filtration—Part 71: robust areal filters—gaussian regression filters
Montgomery DC, Runger GC (2003) Applied statistics and probability for engineers, 2nd edn. Wiley, Roboken
Moravčíková J (2015) Cutting material influence on the quality of the machined surface. Proc Eng 100:328–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.375
Nieslony P, Kiszka P (2012) An investigation of surface texture after turning PM armco iron. Proc CIRP 1:671–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2012.05.021
Schoop J, Jawahir IS, Balk TJ (2016) Size effects in finish machining of porous powdered metal for engineered surface quality. Precis Eng 44:180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2015.12.004
Klocke F (2018) Fertigungsverfahren 1, 9th edn. Springer, Berlin
Ebersbach FG (2018) Efeitos do processo de torneamento nas propriedades de superfície em compósitos autolubrificantes sinterizados. Doctoral dissertation, Federal University of Santa Catarina. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23498.39369
Whitehouse DJ (2010) Handbook of surface and nanometrology, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Whitehouse DJ (2004) Surfaces and their measurement, 1st edn. Kogan Page Science, London
Blunt L, Jiang X (2003) Advanced techniques for assessment surface topography: development of a basis for 3d surface texture standards “Surfstand,” 1st edn. Kogan Page Science, London
Sedlacek M, Podgornik B, Vizintin J (2012) Correlation between standard roughness parameters skewness and kurtosis and tribological behavior of contact surfaces. Tribol Int 48:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.008
Ghosh A, Sadeghi F (2015) A novel approach to model effects of surface roughness parameters on wear. Wear 338–339:73–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.04.022
Bendo T, Hermann ML, Salvaro DB, Binder C, Hammes G, De Mello JDB, Klein AN (2020) Surface Mo-Enrichment and plasma carburizing on sintered iron: microstructure and tribological properties. J Mater Eng Perform 29:3723–3735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04870-2
Rao KSS, Allamraju KV (2017) Effect on microhardness and residual stress in CNC turning of aluminium 7075 alloy. Mater Today-Proc 4:975–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.109
Çelik M, Gürün H, Çaydas U (2022) Surface modification of wire-EDMed Ti6Al4V alloy by ultrasonic assisted magnetic abrasive finishing technique. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop 10:025011. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/ac68fe
Davim JP (2010) Surface integrity in machining. Springer-Verlag, London
Šalak A, Vasiko K, Selecka M, Danninger H (2006) New short time face turning method for testing the machinability of PM steels. J Mater Process Tech 176:62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.02.014
Ebersbach FG, Carvalho DL, Schroeter RB, Binder C, Klein AN (2019) Effect of turning parameters on the surface of sintered self-lubricating composites. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 101:3143–3156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3168-2
König W, Klocke F (1997) Fertigungsverfahren 1. drehen, fräsen, bohren, Fifith. Springer, Berlin
Robertson J (2002) Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Mater Sc Eng R Rep 37:129–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00005-0
Nance J, Subhash G, Sankar B, Haftka R, Kim NH, Deck C, Oswald S (2021) Measurement of residual stress in silicon carbide fibers of tubular composites using raman spectroscopy. Acta Mater 15:117–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117164
Souibgui M, Ajlani H, Cavanna A, Oueslati M, Meftah A, Madouri A (2017) Raman study of annealed two-dimensional heterostructure of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Superlattice Microst 112:394–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.09.047
Ortiz-Morales M, Soto-Bernal JJ, Frausto-Reyes C, Acosta-Ortiz SE, Gonzalez-Mota R, Rosales-Candelas I (2015) Raman spectroscopic analysis of iron chromium oxide microspheres generated by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation on stainless steel. Spectrochim Acta A 145:505–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.015
Blau PJ (2005) On the nature of running-in. Tribol Int 38:1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.07.020
Blau PJ (2008) Friction science and technology: from concepts to applications, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, CRC Press
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank CNPQ, CAPES, and Embraco for funding this research. The authors would also like to thank the LCM of the Federal University of Santa Catarina.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Technical Editor: Izabel Fernanda Machado.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ebersbach, F.G., Mônego, G., Cornelsen, M.H. et al. Effect of reaming on surface properties of self-lubricating composites. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 45, 138 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04068-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04068-2