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Transplantation of an Extended Collective Licensing System – Lessons from Denmark

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Abstract

Extended collective licensing (ECL) has been employed in the Nordic countries for more than fifty years with great success and social benefits. Given its success in terms of royalty collection and dispute resolution, several countries outside Scandinavia intend to transplant this regime. Based on a study of the origin and subsequent development of the ECL regime in the Nordic countries, and its practical implementation in Denmark, the author of this article advises that for those countries wishing to adopt this system the legislation on ECL provisions should be carefully modeled in order to harmonize with the major international copyright treaties. In addition, the characteristics of the regime should remain largely unchanged, but slight modification for further clarification is also needed.

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Notes

  1. Hollander (1984), pp 199–200.

  2. Ficsor (2002) p. 16.

  3. Various researchers, scholars and research institutes have expressed their own definition of the extended collective licensing. See Christiansen (1991), pp 346–347; Ficsor (2010), pp 140–141; International Publishers Association (2014), pp 4–5; Karnell (1985–1986), p. 74; NEXA Report (2009), pp 7–9; Olsson (2005); Pallante (2010–2011), pp 31–32; PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (2011), at p. 37; Rosen (2002), pp 165–166; Strowel (2011), at p. 666.

  4. Koskinen-Olsson (2010), p 283.

  5. Id., at pp. 283–84.

  6. Gervais D (2003), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1920391. The UK Intellectual Property Office launched a series of research programmes in 2006 to study the implementation of ECL in the UK. See Intellectual Property Office, “Extended Collective Licensing”, BIS 1054, available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/consult-ia-bis1054-20120702.pdf; Intellectual Property Office, “Consultation on Copyright”, December 2011; Ian Hargreaves, “Digital Opportunity: A review of Intellectual Property and Growth”, available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview-finalreport.pdf; Intellectual Property Office, “The Government Response to the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth”, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32448/11-1199-government-response-to-hargreaves-review.pdf; Intellectual Property Office, “Consultation on Copyright Summary of Responses June 2012”, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/320223/copyright-consultation-summary-of-responses.pdf; The Copyright Licensing Agency Limited (‘‘CLA’’), Authors’ Licensing and Collecting Society (“ALCS”), Publishers Licensing Society (“PLS”), and Design and Artists Copyright Society (“DACS”), ‘‘Consultation on the UK’s New Extended Collective Licensing Scheme’’, available at https://www.cla.co.uk/data/corporate_material/submissions/2014_joint_response_on_extended_collective_licensing.pdf; Intellectual Property Office, ‘‘Extending the benefits of collective licensing: Consultation on the UK’s new extended collective licensing scheme’’, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/308286/consult-2013-ecl.pdf; Intellectual Property Office, “Government response to the technical consultation on draft secondary legislation for extended collective licensing (ECL) schemes”, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/309894/government-response-ecl.pdf. For the Netherlands, see Hugenholtz, Van Gompel, Guibault and Obradovic, “Extended collective licensing: panacee voor massadigitalisering? Onderzoek in opdracht van het Ministerie van OCW”, available at http://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1471. Accessed February 25, 2016. Recently, China is amending its copyright legislation, intending to introduce extended collective licensing system. A number of scholars have contributed their viewpoints in this regard. See Jiang (2013); Liu (2011–2012); Wang (2010); Xin (2014) and Xue (2012–2013).

  7. Koskinen-Olsson, supra note 4, at p. 283. For more information about Nordic legislative cooperation, see Bernitz (2000); Hellner (1968).

  8. Von Eyben (1962), p 65.

  9. Orfield (1953), p 302.

  10. Von Eyben, supra note 8, at p. 66.

  11. Id., at pp. 66–67.

  12. Blomstrand (2000), p 59.

  13. Axhamn and Guibault (2011), Universiteit van Amsterdam.

  14. Svante Bergström, “Program för upphovsrätten”, in: Phillips Hult (ed) Rättsvetenskapliga studier ägnade minnet av, Elvin, 1960.

  15. Koskinen-Olsson, supra note 4, at p. 290.

  16. Rydning (2010)

  17. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 26.

  18. Rydning, supra note 16, at p. 13.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Prop. 1960:17 Kungl. Maj:ts proposition till riksdagen med förslag till lag om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk , m. m.; given Stockholms slott den 27 november 1959, literally translated as “Proposition to Parliament on the Draft Law on Copyright” (hereinafter Proposition 1960:17), p. 147.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Id., at p. 148.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Id., at 149.

  27. Id., at p. 152.

  28. Id., at pp. 149–50.

  29. Id., at p. 153.

  30. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 27.

  31. Regeringens proposition 1979/80:132 om ändring i upphovsrättslagen (1960:729), pp. 13–14, literally translated as “Government Proposition on Amending the Copyright Act” (hereinafter “Proposition 1979/80”).

  32. Id., at pp. 13 and 75.

  33. Ibid.

  34. Ibid.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Ibid.

  37. Id., at p. 28.

  38. For example, Sec. 51(2) Consolidated Act on Copyright of Denmark (hereinafter “DCA”); Sec. 26(4) Finnish Copyright Act (hereinafter “FCA”); Sec. 15a Icelandic Copyright Act (hereinafter “ICA”); Sec. 37 Norwegian Copyright Act (hereinafter “NCA”); Art. 42a Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works of Sweden (hereinafter “SCA”).

  39. Proposition 1979/80, supra note 31, at p. 77.

  40. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 28.

  41. Rydning, supra note 16, at p. 13.

  42. Some of the examples are not in force in all Nordic countries.

  43. Koskinen-Olsson, supra note 4, at p. 290.

  44. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 30.

  45. Ibid.

  46. Cf. Sec. 50(1) DCA, Sec. 38a NCA and Art. 42a SCA.

  47. Sec. 26 FCA.

  48. Art. 15a ICA.

  49. E.g., the stipulation in Iceland: “who act in the interests of a significant portion of Icelandic authors to this end”, Art. 15a ICA. In Sweden, it is provided: “an organization representing a substantial number of Swedish authors in the field concerned”, Art. 42a SCA.

  50. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 30.

  51. Id., at p. 31.

  52. Art. 23 ICA.

  53. Sec. 26(2) FCA.

  54. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 32.

  55. Verronen (2001–2002), pp 1143, 1147–48.

  56. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 33.

  57. Id., at p. 34.

  58. Sec. 30 DCA; Sec. 25f FCA; Art. 45a ICA; Sec. 30 NCA; and Art. 42a SCA.

  59. Sec. 35 DCA; Sec. 25h FCA; Art. 45a ICA; Sec. 34 NCA; and Art. 42f SCA.

  60. Sec. 30a DCA; Sec. 25g FCA; Art 45a ICA; Sec. 32 NCA; and Art. 42g SCA.

  61. Sec. 17(4) DCA; and Sec. 17b NCA.

  62. Sec. 24a DCA and Sec. 25a FCA.

  63. For example, cf. Sec. 36 NCA.

  64. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 34.

  65. Ibid.

  66. For example, cf. Sec. 37 NCA.

  67. Olsson (2005).

  68. Verronen, supra note 55, at p. 1150.

  69. Cf. Sec. 51(2) DCA.

  70. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 36.

  71. Olsson, supra note 67.

  72. Cf. Sec. 51(2) DCA; Sec. 26(5) FCA; Art. 15a ICA; Sec. 37 NCA; and Art. 42a SCA.

  73. Olsson, supra note 67.

  74. Sec. 26(5) FCA; Art. 15a ICA; Sec. 37 NCA; and Art. 42a SCA.

  75. Art. 42a SCA.

  76. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 37.

  77. Olsson, supra note 67.

  78. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 37.

  79. Sec. 24a(1) DCA.

  80. Sec. 30(2) DCA.

  81. Sec. 30a(2) DCA.

  82. Sec. 13 DCA.

  83. Sec. 14 DCA.

  84. Sec. 16b DCA.

  85. Sec. 17 DCA.

  86. Sec. 35 DCA.

  87. For example, in Finland it is possible to opt out of all ECL provisions except the use of works for educational and scientific research transmitted on radio or television, cf. Sec.14(4) FCA. This does not apply to cable retransmission of broadcasts in Iceland, cf. Art. 23a ICA. In Norway, most ECL provisions do not provide for the opportunity to opt out (except primary broadcasts), whereas in Sweden the option to opt out exists in all provisions except for retransmission of broadcasts, cf. Art 42f SCA.

  88. Olsson, supra note 67.

  89. Riis and Schovsbo (2010), pp 471–495.

  90. Ibid.

  91. Sec. 50(1) DCA. The Swedish Parliament is currently debating on further amending their copyright act in accordance with the international obligation. Among these amendments, the representativeness of the organization is the most prominent. See Rosen (2010), pp 411–415.

  92. Revision af Ophavsretslovgivningen (Review of the Copyright Act 1990), pp. 188–89, available at http://statensnet.dk/betaenkninger/1001-1200/1197-1990/1197-1990_pdf/searchable_1197-1990.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016. In addition, Dilley and Dyekjar (2003), pp 447–449 provide further illustration on the Danish ECL provisions.

  93. Forslag til lov om ændring af ophavsretsloven (Proposals to Amend the Copyright Act), delivered on 10 January 2001 by the Minister of Culture, available at https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=89213. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  94. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at pp. 490–91.

  95. Proposals to Amend the Copyright Act, supra note 93.

  96. Copydan official website, http://www.copydan.dk/. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  97. Riis and Schovsbo (2012), pp. 930, 935–36.

  98. Sec. 50(2) and (3) DCA.

  99. Sec. 50(4) DCA.

  100. Copydan Writing is a CMO representing rightholders of written works, such as books, newspapers, magazines, trade papers and sheet music. As a joint administrative organization, Copydan Writing’s membership consists of 9 author and 5 publisher rightholders organizations and associations. Copydan Writing official website, http://www.tekstognode.dk/en/kunde.aspx. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  101. Anmodning om godkendelse i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. §§ 13, 14 og 16b (Copydan Tekst & Node – undervisningsvirksomhed, erhvervsvirksomhed, arkiv, bibliotek og museer), literally translated as “Request for approval under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, §§ 13, 14 and 16b (Copydan Writing – teaching, business, archive, library and museums), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Specifikke_aftalelicenser/Copydan_TekstNode_p50_stk4_jf_p13_14_16b.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  102. Ibid.

  103. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at pp. 476–77.

  104. Hugenholtz et al, supra note 6, at p. 25.

  105. Aftalelicensgodkendelse (Agreement License Approvals), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_AVU-medier_Larmaftalen.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  106. Godkendelse af Copydan AVU-medier i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. 50, stk. 2 (Brug af audiovisuelt materiale i elektroniske eksamensopgaver), Approval of Copydan AVU media under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4 and § 50 para. 2 (Use of audio-visual material in electronic exams), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_AVU-medier_p50_stk4_jf_p50_stk2_Eksamensaftalen.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  107. Godkendelse i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. § 50, stk. 2 (“Danske Handicaporganisationer”), Approval under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, and § 50 para. 2 (“Danish Disabled Peoples Organisations”), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_AVU-medier_Danske_Handicaporganisationer.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  108. Godkendelse af Copydan Tekst & Node i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. § 50, stk. 2 (Den Arnamagnæanske Kommission), Approval of Copydan Tekst & Node under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, and § 50 para. 2 (ArnamagnæanskeInstitute), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_TekstNode_Den_Arnamagnaanske_Kommission.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  109. Godkendelse af Copydan Tekst & Node i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. § 50, stk. 2 (Dansk Biografisk Leksikon), Approval of Copydan Tekst & Node under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, and § 50 para. 2 (Danish Biographical Dictionary), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_TekstNode_Dansk_Biograf_Leksikon.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2016.

  110. Sec. 51(2) DCA.

  111. Sec. 51(1) DCA.

  112. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 475.

  113. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 97, at p. 946.

  114. Sec. 49(1) and (2) DCA.

  115. Hugenholtz et al, supra note 6, at p. 28.

  116. Sec. 52(1) DCA.

  117. Sec. 52(3) DCA.

  118. Sec. 52(2) DCA.

  119. Sec. 52(4) DCA.

  120. Sec. 52(5) DCA.

  121. Sec. 52(4) DCA.

  122. Sec. 17 DCA.

  123. Sec. 30a DCA.

  124. Sec. 47(1) DCA.

  125. Sec. 47(2) DCA.

  126. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 476.

  127. Sec. 13(1) DCA.

  128. Sec. 13(2) and (3) DCA.

  129. Sec. 13(4) DCA.

  130. Sec. 13(5) DCA.

  131. Sec. 14(1) DCA.

  132. Sec. 14(2) DCA.

  133. Sec. 16b DCA.

  134. Sec. 17(4) DCA.

  135. Sec. 24a DCA.

  136. Secs. 30(1) and 30a(1) DCA.

  137. Sec. 30(1) DCA.

  138. Sec. 30a(1) DCA.

  139. Sec. 35(3) DCA.

  140. Rammeaftale om eksemplarfremstilling af ophavsretligt beskyttet materiale (Framework agreement for the reproduction of copyright material, hereinafter 2004 Agreement), available at http://www.tekstognode.dk/Libraries/Brancheaftaler/Interurbanaftalen.sflb.ashx. Accessed February 27, 2016.

  141. Rammeaftale om eksemplarfremstilling og offentlig fremførelse af bogomslag (Framework agreement on reproduction and public performance of book covers, hereinafter 2005 Agreement), available at http://www.tekstognode.dk/Libraries/Aftaler_undervisning/kl.sflb.ashx; Rammeaftale om eksemplarfremstilling og offentlig fremførelse af bogomslag (Framework agreement on reproduction and public performance of book covers, hereinafter 2006 Agreement), available at http://www.tekstognode.dk/Libraries/Aftaler_undervisning/biblioteksstyrelsen.sflb.ashx. Accessed February 27, 2016.

  142. Gramex official website, http://gramex.dk/english/. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  143. Foreningen Radiokassen official website, http://www.krak.dk/f/foreningen-radiokassen:66286130/1401-k%C3%B8benhavn+k. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  144. Bonanza official website, http://www.dr.dk/Bonanza/index.htm. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  145. DR-K official website, https://www.dr.dk/tv/live/dr-k/. DR Ramasjang official website, http://www.dr.dk/ramasjang/. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  146. Aftale mellem DR og Foreningen Radiokassen om Benyttelse af udgivne litterære værker i DR’s udsendelsesvirksomhed mm., “Agreement between DR and Foreningen Radiokassen on the use of published literary works in DR broadcasting” (hereinafter “2010 Agreement”), available at http://www.danskforfatterforening.dk/media/34785/100701%20radiokasseaftale%20-%20version%20100510%20-%20ren.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  147. Godkendelse af Copydan Tekst & Node i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. § 50, stk. 2 (Dansk Biografisk Leksikon), “Approval of Copydan Text & Music under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, see § 50 para. 2 (Danish Biographical Dictionary), available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_TekstNode_Dansk_Biograf_Leksikon.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  148. ONP official website, http://onp.ku.dk/english/onp_about/. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  149. Godkendelse i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. § 50, stk. 2 (tidsskriftet KRITIK) – Sag nr. 2014-012491, “Approval under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, see § 50 para. 2 (KRITIK Journal) – Case No. 2014-012491”, available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_TekstNode_Tidsskriftet_Kritik.pdf.

  150. Godkendelse i henhold til ophavsretslovens § 50, stk. 4, jf. § 50, stk. 2 (Mediehuset Ingeniøren) – Sag nr. 2014-012491, “Approval under the Copyright Act § 50 para. 4, see § 50 para. 2 (Mediehuset Ingeniøren) – Case No. 2014-012491”, available at http://kum.dk/fileadmin/KUM/Documents/Kulturpolitik/Ophavsret/Aftalelicensgodkendelser/Generelle_aftalelicenser/Copydan_TekstNode_Mediehuset_Ingenioeren.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  151. National Library, The Royal Library, and Aarhus University Press, Projektrapport Udvikling af forretningsmodel for udnyttelse af digitaliserede bøger, “Project Report: Development of business model for use of digitized books”, available at http://dfdf.dk/dmdocuments/Udvikling_af_forretningsmodel_-_Afrapportering20-12-2012__2_.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  152. LARM official website, http://larm.blogs.ku.dk/about-larm/. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  153. 2005 Agreement, supra note 141.

  154. 2006 Agreement, supra note 141.

  155. Ibid.

  156. Ibid.

  157. For example, see Sec. 1(2), 2005 Agreement, and Sec. 1(2), 2006 Agreement, supra note 141.

  158. For example, see Sec. 1, 2010 Agreement, supra note 146.

  159. For example, see Copydan Billeder official website, http://billedkunst.dk/hnf, and Copydan Tekst & Node official website, http://www.tekstognode.dk/rettighedshaver/projekter/NF.aspx. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  160. Sec. 3, 2004 Agreement, supra note 140.

  161. Ibid.

  162. Sec. 3, 2010 Agreement, supra note 146.

  163. Sec. 5, 2004 Agreement, supra note 140.

  164. Art. 5(1) Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.

  165. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 45.

  166. cf. Sec. 26 FCA.

  167. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 491.

  168. Ibid.

  169. Ibid. With regard to orphan works, see also van Gompel (2007), at p. 688; Vuopala (2013), pp 30–37.

  170. Ibid.

  171. Id., at p. 492.

  172. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 483; Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at pp. 13 and 46.

  173. Art. 5(2) Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.

  174. Gervais, supra note 6, at p. 19.

  175. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 483.

  176. Ibid.

  177. Gervais, supra note 6, at p. 19.

  178. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 484.

  179. Ricketson and Ginsburg (2006), p 104.

  180. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 484.

  181. Art. 9(2) Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works; and Art. 13 Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

  182. Hugenholtz and Okediji (2008), at p. 19.

  183. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 486.

  184. Rydning, supra note 16, at p. 47.

  185. Ibid.

  186. Id., at pp. 53–54.

  187. Ibid.

  188. Id., at p. 54.

  189. Axhamn and Guibault, supra note 13, at p. 51.

  190. Rydning, supra note 16, at p. 62.

  191. Intellectual Property Office, “Government response to the technical consultation on draft secondary legislation for extended collective licensing (ECL) schemes”, supra note 6, at p. 5.

  192. Intellectual Property Office, “Extended Collective Licensing (ECL): Guidance for Relevant Licensing Bodies Applying to Run ECL Schemes”, p. 5, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/360120/extended-collecting-licensing-application-guidance.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016.

  193. Intellectual Property Office, “Government response to the technical consultation on draft secondary legislation for extended collective licensing (ECL) schemes”, supra note 6, at p. 36.

  194. Id., at p. 20.

  195. Id., at p. 28.

  196. Verronen, supra note 55, at p. 1158.

  197. Gervais, supra note 6, at p. 44.

  198. Riis and Schovsbo, supra note 89, at p. 497.

  199. Finnish Copyright Committee Report No. 4/1992, p. 105.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. JSD candidate, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Zijian Zhang

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  1. Zijian Zhang
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Correspondence to Zijian Zhang.

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I would like to thank Dr. Wenwei Guan, Qin Zhou, Nancy Mu, Hong Lou, Chang Wu, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this paper. I am also grateful to Sofia Filgueiras and the considerate editors at IIC for their kind assistance.

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Zhang, Z. Transplantation of an Extended Collective Licensing System – Lessons from Denmark. IIC 47, 640–672 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-016-0501-x

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