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Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study

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Abstract

Objective

The present study aimed to examine the acute effects of legal-market cannabis on regular cannabis users’ subjective responses to exercise in a controlled laboratory environment.

Background

Given the stereotype that cannabis is associated with extreme sedentary behavior, there are concerns that cannabis legalization may exacerbate the US physical inactivity epidemic. However, despite these concerns, recent years have seen considerable public interest in the use of cannabis concurrently with exercise (e.g., running).

Methods

The present study compared participants’ experiences of exercise without cannabis to their experiences of exercise after acute ad libitum use of one of two commercially available cannabis flower products: a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-dominant or a cannabidiol-dominant product. Participants (N = 42) were regular cannabis users between the ages of 21 and 39 years (mean = 30.81 years, standard deviation = 4.72 years).

Results

Although participants reported a more positive affect (p < 0.001), enjoyment (p < 0.001), and runner’s high symptoms (p < 0.001) during their cannabis (vs non-cannabis) exercise appointment, they also reported more exertion (p = 0.04). Pain levels were very low and did not differ between appointments (p = 0.45). Effects appeared to depend, in part, on cannabinoid content; there was a larger difference in enjoyment (p = 0.02), and a smaller difference in exertion (p = 0.02), between the cannabis and non-cannabis exercise appointments among participants in the cannabidiol (vs Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) condition.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the acute effects of commercially available cannabis on subjective responses to exercise in a laboratory environment. Our findings suggest that, among regular cannabis users who use cannabis in combination with exercise, cannabis use prior to exercise may lead to increases in both positive and negative aspects of the subjective exercise experience. Research using diverse samples, exercise modalities, and methodologies (e.g., placebo-controlled trials) is needed to establish the generalizability of these findings.

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Notes

  1. We began collecting heart rate data midway through the study. As such, heart rate data are only available for 73.8% of participants (n = 31).

  2. Runner’s high symptoms and RHR were only assessed at one timepoint (runner’s high symptoms: post-exercise; RHR: pre-exercise). As such, these models only included one within-subjects factor (i.e., exercise appointment [cannabis vs. non-cannabis] but not time) and estimated random intercepts (but not slopes) for participant. These models therefore examined (1) average runner’s high symptoms/RHR, (2) the effect of exercise appointment on runner’s high symptoms/RHR, (3) the effect of cannabis condition on runner’s high symptoms/RHR, and (4) the exercise appointment by cannabis condition interaction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Laurel P. Gibson, Gregory R. Giordano, L. Cinnamon Bidwell & Angela D. Bryan

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

    Kent E. Hutchison

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Correspondence to Laurel P. Gibson.

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Funding

This work was supported by an Interdisciplinary Research Scholar Award from the University of Colorado Boulder’s Center for Research and Education Addressing Cannabis and Health (Principal Investigator: Laurel P. Gibson). Laurel P. Gibson is funded by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE 1650115).

Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests

Laurel P. Gibson, Gregory R. Giordano, L. Cinnamon Bidwell, Kent E. Hutchison, and Angela D. Bryan have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics Approval

Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Colorado Boulder (Protocol #19-0596; approval date: 01/22/20). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Not applicable.

Availability of Data and Material

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

The R code is available by contacting the corresponding author.

Authors’ Contributions

LPG, LCB, KEH, and ADB designed the research; LPG and GRG performed the research; LPG analyzed the data; LPG wrote the paper; GRG, LCB, KEH, and ADB provided feedback on the paper. All authors read and approved the final version.

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Gibson, L.P., Giordano, G.R., Bidwell, L.C. et al. Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study. Sports Med 54, 1051–1066 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01980-4

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