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Effects of Resistance Training to Muscle Failure on Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Background

Proper design of resistance training (RT) variables is a key factor to reach the maximum potential of neuromuscular adaptations. Among those variables, the use of RT performed to failure (RTF) may lead to a different magnitude of acute fatigue compared with RT not performed to failure (RTNF). The fatigue response could interfere with acute adaptive changes, in turn regulating long-term adaptations. Considering that the level of fatigue affects long-term adaptations, it is important to determine how fatigue is affected by RTF versus RTNF.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effects of RTF versus RTNF on acute fatigue.

Methods

The search was conducted in January 2021 in seven databases. Only studies with a crossover design that investigated the acute biomechanical properties (vertical jump height, velocity of movement, power output, or isometric strength), metabolic response (lactate or ammonia concentration), muscle damage (creatine kinase activity), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were selected. The data (mean ± standard deviation and sample size) were extracted from the included studies and were either converted into the standardized mean difference (SMD) or maintained in the raw mean difference (RMD) when the studies reported the results in the same scale. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed.

Results

Twenty studies were included in the systematic review and 12 were included in the meta-analysis. The main meta-analyses indicated greater decrease of biomechanical properties for RTF compared with RTNF (SMD − 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 1.43 to − 0.49, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a larger increase in metabolic response (RMD 4.48 mmol·L−1, 95% CI 3.19–5.78, p < 0.001), muscle damage (SMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.31–1.21, p = 0.001), and RPE (SMD 1.93, 95% CI 0.87–3.00, p < 0.001) for RTF compared with RTNF. Further exploratory subgroup analyses showed that training status (p = 0.92), timepoint (p = 0.89), load (p = 0.10), and volume (p = 0.12) did not affect biomechanical properties; however, greater loss in the movement velocity test occurred on upper limbs compared with lower limbs (p < 0.001). Blood ammonia concentration was greater after RTF than RTNF (RMD 44.66 μmol·L−1, 95% CI 32.27–57.05, p < 0.001), as was 48 h post-exercise blood creatine kinase activity (SMD 0.86, 95% CI 0.33–1.42, p = 0.002). Furthermore, although there was considerable heterogeneity in the overall analysis (I2 = 83.72%; p < 0.01), a significant difference in RPE after RTF compared with RTNF was only found for studies that did not equalize training volumes.

Conclusions

In summary, RTF compared with RTNF led to a greater decrease in biomechanical properties and a simultaneous increase in metabolic response, higher muscle damage, and RPE. The exploratory analyses suggested a greater impairment in the velocity of movement test for the upper limbs, more pronounced muscle damage 48 h post-exercise, and a greater RPE in studies with non-equalized volume after the RTF session compared with RTNF. Therefore, it can be concluded that RTF leads to greater acute fatigue compared with RTNF. The higher acute fatigue after RTF can also have an important impact on chronic adaptive processes following RT; however, the greater acute fatigue following RTF can extend the time needed for recovery, which should be considered when RTF is used.

Protocol Registration

The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42020192336) in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil

    João Guilherme Vieira, Marcelo Ricardo Dias, José Elias Filho, Yuri Campos, Leandro Sant’Ana & Jeferson Vianna

  2. Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, FISEX, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

    Amanda Veiga Sardeli

  3. Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Morphofunctional Evaluation, LABFEX, Granbery Methodist College, Juiz de Fora, Brazil

    Marcelo Ricardo Dias

  4. Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil

    Yuri Campos

  5. Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, Setubal, Portugal

    Luis Leitão

  6. Life Quality Research Centre, Rio Maior, Portugal

    Luis Leitão

  7. Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

    Victor Reis

  8. Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland

    Michal Wilk

  9. Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Jefferson Novaes

Authors
  1. João Guilherme Vieira
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  2. Amanda Veiga Sardeli
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  3. Marcelo Ricardo Dias
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  4. José Elias Filho
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  5. Yuri Campos
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  6. Leandro Sant’Ana
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  7. Luis Leitão
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  8. Victor Reis
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  9. Michal Wilk
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  10. Jefferson Novaes
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  11. Jeferson Vianna
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to João Guilherme Vieira.

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Funding

João Guilherme Veira was financed in part by a BSc scholarship from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil—finance code 001. Amanda Veiga Sardeli was supported by the Academy of Medical Sciences through the UK Government's Newton Fund Programme [NIFR7\1031]. Luis Leitão received funding from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Grant/award number UIDP/04748/2020. Victor Reis received funding from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Grant/award number UID04045/2020.

Conflicts of interest

João Guilherme Vieira, Amanda Veiga Sardeli, Marcelo Ricardo Dias, José Elias Filho, Yuri de Almeida Campos, Leandro de Oliveira Sant’Ana, Luis Leitão, Victor Machado Reis, Michal Wilk, Jefferson da Silva Novaes, and Jeferson Macedo Vianna declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this systematic review and meta-analysis.

Availability of data and material

The database that supports the conclusions of this systematic review is available from the corresponding author upon request.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent

Not applicable.

Author contributions

João Guilherme Vieira, Amanda Veiga Sardeli, Marcelo Ricardo Dias, Jefferson Novaes, and Jeferson Vianna designed the manuscript, and João Guilherme Vieira wrote the first draft. João Guilherme Vieira and Marcelo Ricardo Dias conducted the literature search. João Guilherme Vieira and Marcelo Ricardo Dias wrote the Methods and Results, and prepared the tables/figures. Amanda Veiga Sardeli conducted the meta-analysis. João Guilherme Vieira and José Elias Filho reviewed the Methods and helped choose the tool to assess the quality of the articles used in this systematic review. Amanda Veiga Sardeli, José Elias Filho, Jefferson Novaes, and Jeferson Vianna systematically guided João Guilherme Vieira during the article writing process. Yuri Campos, Leandro Sant’Ana, Luis Leitão, Victor Reis, and Michal Wilk reviewed the manuscript and the English language and contributed technically to the quality of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Vieira, J.G., Sardeli, A.V., Dias, M.R. et al. Effects of Resistance Training to Muscle Failure on Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 52, 1103–1125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01602-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01602-x

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