Kinsley C, Bardi M, Neigh GN, Lambert K. Chapter 2—chromosomal and endocrinological origins of sex. In: Neigh GN, Mitzelfelt MM, editors. Sex differences in physiology. New York: Academic Press; 2016. p. 5–15.
Google Scholar
Kelsey TW, Li LQ, Mitchell RT, Whelan A, Anderson RA, Wallace WH. A validated age-related normative model for male total testosterone shows increasing variance but no decline after age 40 years. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e109346.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reilly T. The menstrual cycle and human performance: an overview. Biol Rhythm Res. 2000;31(1):29–40.
CAS
Google Scholar
Martin D, Sale C, Cooper SB, Elliott-Sale KJ. Period prevalence and perceived side effects of hormonal contraceptive use and the menstrual cycle in elite athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018;13(7):926–32.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Elliott KJ, Cable NT, Reilly T. Does oral contraceptive use affect maximum force production in women? Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(1):15–9.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Elliott-Sale K, Hicks K. Hormonal-based contraception and the exercising female. In: Forsyth J, Roberts CM, editors. The exercising female: science and its application. Routledge: Taylor and Francis; 2018 (Chapter 4).
Google Scholar
Rechichi C, Dawson B, Goodman C. Athletic performance and the oral contraceptive. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2009;4(2):151–62.
Google Scholar
Contraceptives, hormonal. In: British National Formulary. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/. Accessed 29 May 2019.
Bennell K, White S, Crossley K. The oral contraceptive pill: a revolution for sportswomen? Br J Sports Med. 1999;33(4):231–8.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schaumberg MA, Emmerton LM, Jenkins DG, Burton NW, de Jonge XAJ, Skinner TL. Oral contraceptive use for manipulation of menstruation in young, physically-active women. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;16(1):e68–e6969.
Google Scholar
Minahan C, O'Neill H, Sikkema N, Joyce S, Larsen B, Sabapathy S. Oral contraceptives augment the exercise pressor reflex during isometric handgrip exercise. Physiol Rep. 2018;6(5):e13629.
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crewther BT, Hamilton D, Kilduff LP, Drawer S, Cook CJ. The effect of oral contraceptive use on salivary testosterone concentrations and athlete performance during international field hockey matches. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(5):453–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Joyce S, Sabapathy S, Bulmer A, Minahan C. Effect of long-term oral contraceptive use on determinants of endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(7):1891–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lebrun CM. Effect of the different phases of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on athletic performance. Sports Med. 1993;16(6):400–30.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burrows M, Peters CE. The influence of oral contraceptives on athletic performance in female athletes. Sports Med. 2007;37(7):557–74.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hackney AC, editor. Sex hormones, exercise and women; scientific and clinical aspects, 1st ed. Switzerland: Springer; 2017.
Forsyth J, Roberts CM, editors. The exercising female science and its application, 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2018.
Sarwar R, Niclos BB, Rutherford OM. Changes in muscle strength, relaxation rate and fatiguability during the human menstrual cycle. J Physiol. 1996;493(1):267–72.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rechichi C, Dawson B. Effect of oral contraceptive cycle phase on performance in team sport players. J Sci Med Sport. 1996;12(1):190–5.
Google Scholar
Casazza GA, Suh SH, Miller BF, Navazio FM, Brooks GA. Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(5):1698–702.
CAS
Google Scholar
Bryner RW, Toffle RC, Ullrich IH, Yeater R. Effect of low dose oral contraceptives on exercise performance. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30(1):36–40.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Giacomoni M, Bernard T, Gavarry O, Altare S, Falgairette G. Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):486–92.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lebrun CM, Petit MA, McKenzie DC, Taunton JE, Prior JC. Decreased maximal aerobic capacity with use of a triphasic oral contraceptive in highly active women: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2000;37(4):315–20.
Google Scholar
Rechichi C, Dawson B. Oral contraceptive cycle phase does not affect 200-m swim time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(4):961–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Br Med J. 2009;339:2535.
Google Scholar
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vis GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, The GRADE Working Group, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Br Med J. 2008;336:924–6.
Google Scholar
Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377–84.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morris S. Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs. Organ Res Methods. 2008;11(2):364–86.
Google Scholar
Kruschke JK, Liddell TM. The Bayesian new statistics: Hypothesis testing, estimation, meta-analysis, and power analysis from a Bayesian perspective. Psychon Bull Rev. 2018;25(1):178–206.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolan E, Swinton PA, Painelli VS, Hemingway BS, Mazzolani B, Infante Smaira F, et al. A systematic risk assessment and meta-analysis on the use of oral β-alanine supplementation. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(3):452–63.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
Google Scholar
Bürkner PC. brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J Stat Softw. 2017;80(1):1–28.
Google Scholar
Gelman A, Carlin JB, Stern HS, Rubin DB. Bayesian data analysis, v2. Routledge: Taylor and Francis; 2014.
Google Scholar
Fernández-Castilla B, Declercq L, Jamshidi L, Beretvas S, Onghena P, Van den Noortgate W. Detecting selection bias in meta-analyses with multiple outcomes: a simulation study. J Exp Educ. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2019.1582470.
Article
Google Scholar
Anderson LJ, Baker LL, Schroeder ET. Blunted myoglobin and quadriceps soreness after electrical stimulation during the luteal phase or oral contraception. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2017;88:193–202.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Armstrong LE, Maresh CM, Keith NCR, Elliott TA, VanHeest JL, Scheett TP, et al. Heat acclimation and physical training adaptations of young women using different contraceptive hormones. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:1–33.
Google Scholar
Bell DR, Troy Blackburn J, Ondrak KS, Hackney AC, Hudson JD, Norcross MF, et al. The effects of oral contraceptive use on muscle stiffness across the menstrual cycle. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21:467–73.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bemben D, Boileau R, Bahr J, Nelson R, Misner J. Effects of oral contraceptives on hormonal and metabolic responses during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24:434–41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bushman B, Masterson G, Nelsen J. Anaerobic power performance and the menstrual cycle: eumenorrheic and oral contraceptive users. J Sports Med Phys Fitn. 2006;46:132–7.
CAS
Google Scholar
De Bruyn-Prevost P, Masset C, Sturbois X. Physiological response from 18–25 years women to aerobic and anaerobic physical fitness tests at different periods during the menstrual cycle. J Sports Med Phys Fitn. 1984;24:144–8.
Google Scholar
Drake SM, Evetovich T, Eschbach C, Webster M. A pilot study on the effect of oral contraceptives on electromyography and mechanomyography during isometric muscle actions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13:297–301.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ekenros L, Hirschberg AL, Heijne A, Fridén C. Oral contraceptives do not affect muscle strength and hop performance in active women. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:202–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giacomoni M, Falgairette G. Influence of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on the time-of-day effect on maximal anaerobic power. Biol Rhythm Res. 1999;30:583–91.
Google Scholar
Gordon D, Hughes F, Young K, Scruton A, Keiller D, Caddy O, et al. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on the development of peak torque under isokinetic conditions. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2012;21:285–90.
Google Scholar
Gordon D, Scruton A, Barnes R, Baker J, Prado L, Merzbach V. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on the incidence of plateau at VO2max and associated cardiorespiratory dynamics. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2018;38:689–98.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grucza R, Pekkarinen H, Titov E-K, Kononoff A, Hanninen O. Influence of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives thermoregulatory responses to exercise in young women. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;67(3):279–85.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grucza R, Pekkarinen H, Hannninen O. Cardiorespiratory responses to bicycle incremental exercise in women taking oral contraceptives. Biol Sport. 2002;19:267–79.
Google Scholar
Hicks KM, Onambélé-Pearson G, Winwood K, Morse CI. Oral contraceptive pill use and the susceptibility to markers of exercise-induced muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(7):1393–402.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Isacco L, Thivel D, Pereira B, Duclos M, Boisseau N. Maximal fat oxidation, but not aerobic capacity, is affected by oral contraceptive use in young healthy women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(5):937–45.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Joyce S, Sabapathy S, Bulmer AC, Minahan C. The effect of prior eccentric exercise on heavy-intensity cycling: the role of gender and oral contraceptives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(5):995–1003.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee H, Petrofsky JS, Daher N, Berk L, Laymon M. Differences in anterior cruciate ligament elasticity and force for knee flexion in women: Oral contraceptive users versus non-oral contraceptive users. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(2):285–94.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lynch N, Nimmo M. Effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(6):565–72.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lynch NJ, De Vito G, Nimmo MA. Low dosage monophasic oral contraceptive use and intermittent exercise performance and metabolism in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;84(4):296–301.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Minahan C, Joyce S, Bulmer AC, Cronin N, Sabapathy S. The influence of estradiol on muscle damage and leg strength after intense eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(7):1493–500.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Minahan C, Melnikoff M, Quinn K, Larsen B. Response of women using oral contraception to exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(7):1383–91.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ortega-Santos CP, Barba-Moreno L, Cupeiro R, Peinado AB. Substrate oxidation in female adults during endurance exercise throughout menstrual cycle phases: IronFEMME pilot study. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2018;13(3):553–65.
Google Scholar
Peters C, Burrows M. Androgenicity of the progestin in oral contraceptives does not affect maximal leg strength. Contraception. 2006;74(6):487–91.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quinn KM, Billaut F, Bulmer AC, Minahan CL. Cerebral oxygenation declines but does not impair peak oxygen uptake during incremental cycling in women using oral contraceptives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(11):2417–27.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rebelo ACS, Zuttin RS, Verlengia R, Cesar MC, de Sá MFS, da Silva E. Effect of low-dose combined oral contraceptive on aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold level in active and sedentary young women. Contraception. 2010;81(4):309–15.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rechichi C, Dawson B, Goodman C. Oral contraceptive phase has no effect on endurance test. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(4):277–81.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Redman LM, Weatherby RP. Measuring performance during the menstrual cycle: a model using oral contraceptives. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(1):130–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schaumberg MA, Jenkins DG, Janse De Jonge XAK, Emmerton LM, Skinner TL. Oral contraceptive use dampens physiological adaptations to sprint interval training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(4):717–27.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sunderland C, Tunaley V, Horner F, Harmer D, Stokes KA. Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives’ effects on growth hormone response to sprinting. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36(4):495–502.
CAS
Google Scholar
Vaiksaar S, Jürimäe J, Mäestu J, Purge P, Kalytka S, Shakhlina L, et al. Phase of oral contraceptive cycle and endurance capacity of rowers. Percept Mot Skills. 2011;113(3):764–72.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vaiksaar S, Jurimae J, Maestu J, Purge P, Kalytka S, Shakhlina L, et al. No effect of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on endurance performance in rowers. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:1571–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wirth J, Lohman T. The relationship of static muscle function to use of oral contraceptives. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14:16–20.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mackay K, González C, Zbinden-Foncea H, Peñailillo L. Effects of oral contraceptive use on female sexual salivary hormones and indirect markers of muscle damage following eccentric cycling in women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119:2733–44.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mattu AT, Iannetta D, MacInnis KJ, Doyle-Baker PK, Muria JM. Menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle phases do not affect submaximal and maximal exercise responses. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30:472–84.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carol W, Klinger G, Jäger R, Kasch R, Brandstädt A. Pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel after administration of two oral contraceptive preparations. Exp Clin Endocr Diabetes. 1992;99:12–7.
CAS
Google Scholar
Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W, Sullivan H, Lüdicke F, Müller U, et al. Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception. 1996;54(2):71–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Ansdell P, Goodall S, et al. The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01319-3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Elliott-Sale KJ, Smith S, Bacon J, Clayton D, McPhilimey M, Goutianos G, et al. Examining the role of OC users as an experimental and/or control group in athletic performance studies. Contraception. 2013;88:408–12.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duke JW. Sex hormones and their impact on the ventilatory responses to exercise and the environment. In: Hackney AC, editor. Sex hormones, exercise and women; scientific and clinical aspects. Geneva: Springer; 2017. p. 19–34.
Google Scholar
Isacco L, Boisseau N. Sex hormones and substrate metabolism during endurance exercise. In: Hackney AC, editor. Sex hormones, exercise and women; scientific and clinical aspects. Geneva: Springer; 2017. p. 35–58.
Google Scholar
Tenan MS. Sex hormones effects on the nervous system and their impact on muscle strength and motor performance in women. In: Hackney AC, editor. Sex hormones, exercise and women; scientific and clinical aspects. Geneva: Springer; 2017. p. 59–70.
Google Scholar
Stewart M, Bateson D. Choosing non-oral, long-acting reversible contraception. Aust Prescrib. 2016;39(5):153–8.
Google Scholar
Stewart M, Black K. Choosing a combined oral contraceptive pill. Aust Prescrib. 2015;38(1):6–11.
Google Scholar
Naheed B, Kuiper JH, Uthman OA, O'Mahony F, O'Brien PM. Non-contraceptive oestrogen-containing preparations for controlling symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD010503.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lethaby A, Wise MR, Weterings MA, Bofill Rodriguez M, Brown J. Combined hormonal contraceptives for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(2):000154.
Google Scholar
Hopkins WG. Individual responses made easy. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118:1444–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swinton PA, Hemingway BS, Saunders B, Gualano B, Dolan E. A statistical framework to interpret individual response to intervention: paving the way for personalized nutrition and exercise prescription. Front Nutr. 2018;5:41.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cable NT, Elliott KJ. The influence of reproductive hormones on muscle strength. Biol Rhythm Res. 2004;35:235–44.
CAS
Google Scholar
Janse de Jonge X, Thompson B, Han A. Methodological recommendations for menstrual cycle research in sports and exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2019;51:2610–7.
Google Scholar