Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008;33:1319–34.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, et al. Effect of caffeine on sport specific endurance performance: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23:315–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davis JK, Green JM. Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Med. 2009;39:813–32.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Astorino TA, Robertson DW. Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high intensity exercise performance: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:257–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spriet LL. Caffeine. In: Maughan RJ, editor. The encyclopaedia of sports medicine: an IOC medical commission publication. Sports Nutrition. 19th ed. Oxford: Wiley; 2013. p. 313–23.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Spriet LL. Exercise and sports performance with low caffeine doses of caffeine. Sports Med. 2014;44:S175–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burke L, Desbrow B, Spriet LL. Caffeine for sports performance. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2013.
Google Scholar
Kovacs EMR, Stegen JHCH, Brouns F, et al. Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85:709–15.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cureton KJ, Warren GL, Millard-Stafford ML, et al. Caffeinated sports drink: ergogenic effects and possible mechanisms. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17:35–55.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brummer RJM, Brouns F, et al. Gastrointestinal function during exercise; comparison of water, sports drink, and sports drink with caffeine. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89:1079–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cox GR, Desbrow B, Montgomery PG, et al. Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and performance. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:990–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Talanian JL, Spriet LL. Low and moderate doses of caffeine late in exercise improve performance in trained cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:850–5.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brouns F, Kivacs EM, et al. The effect of two sports drinks and water on GI complaints and performance during an 18-km run. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:281–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stevenson EJ, Hayes PR, Allison SJ, et al. The effect of a carbohydrate-caffeine sports drink on simulated golf performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34:681–8.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gant N, Ali A, Foskett A. The influence of caffeine and carbohydrate coingestion on simulated soccer performance. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010;20:191–7.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Guttierres APM, Alfenas RC, Lima JRP, et al. Metabolic effects of a caffeinated sports drink consumed during a soccer match. Motriz Rio Claro. 2013;19:688–95.
Google Scholar
Hogervorst E, Bandelow S, Schmitt J, et al. Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance during exhaustive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1841–51.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Newton R, Broughton L, Lind M, et al. Plasma and salivary pharmacokinetics of caffeine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;21:45–52.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, et al. Effects of a carbohydrate and caffeine gel on intermittent sprint performance in recreationally trained males. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14:353–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scott AT, O’Leary T, Walker S, et al. Improvement of 2000-m rowing performance with caffeinated carbohydrate-gel ingestion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10:464–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kamimori GH, Penetar DM, Headley DB, et al. Effect of three caffeine doses on plasma catecholamines and alertness during prolonged wakefulness. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56:537–44.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, et al. Dose dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37:693–703.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Penetar D, McCann U, Thorne D, et al. Caffeine reversal of sleep deprivation effects on alertness and mood. Psychopharmacology. 1993;112:359–65.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kamimori GH, Karyekar CS, Otterstetter R, et al. The rate of absorption and relative bioavailability of caffeine administered in chewing gum versus capsules to normal healthy volunteers. Int J Pharm. 2002;234:159–67.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shargel L, Yu ABC. Applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. 4th ed. Stamford: Appleton and Lange; 1999.
Google Scholar
Syed SA, Kamimori GH, Kelly W, et al. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of caffeine administered in chewing gum to normal healthy volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2005;26:403–9.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ryan EJ, Kim CH, Muller MD, et al. Low-dose caffeine administered in chewing gum does not enhance cycling to exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:844–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ryan EJ, Kim CH, Fickes EJ, et al. Caffeine gum and cycling performance: a timing study. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27:259–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lane SC, Hawley JA, Desbrow B, et al. Single and combined effects of beetroot juice and caffeine supplementation on cycling time trial performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39:1050–7.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oberlin-Brown KT, Siegel R, Kilding AE, et al. Oral presence of carbohydrate and caffeine in chewing gum: independent and combined effects on endurance cycling performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perfom. 2016;11:164–71.
Article
Google Scholar
Paton C, Costa V, Guglielmo L. Effects of caffeine chewing gum on race performance and physiology in male and female cyclists. J Sports Sci. 2015;33:1076–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paton CD, Lowe T, Irvine A. Caffeinated chewing gum increases repeated sprint performance and augments increases in testosterone in competitive cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110:1243–50.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellar D, Kamimori G, Judge L. Effects of low-dose caffeine supplementation on early morning performance in the standing shot put throw. Eur J Sports Sci. 2012;12:57–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Lee J, Kim HT, Solares GJ, et al. Caffeinated nitric oxide-releasing lozenge improves cycling time trial performance. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36:107–12.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carter JM, Jeukendrup AE, Jones DA. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:2107–11.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chambers ES, Bridge MW, Jones DA. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J Physiol. 2009;587:1779–94.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Beaven CM, Maulder P, Pooley A, et al. Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:633–7.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clarke ND, Kornilios E, Richardson DL. Carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses do not affect maximum strength and muscular endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:2926–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rubinstein I, Chandilawa R, Dagar S, et al. Adensoine A1 receptors mediate plasma exudation from the oral mucosa. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91:552–60.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Doering TM, Fell JW, Leveritt MD, et al. The effect of a caffeinated mouth-rinse on endurance cycling time-trial performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24:90–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsumoto I. Gustatory neural pathways revealed by genetic tracing from taste receptor cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013;77:1359–62.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, et al. The molecular receptive ranges of human tas2r bitter taste receptors. Chem Senses. 2010;35:157–70.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zald DH, Hagen MC, Pardo JV. Neural correlates of tasting concentrated quinine and sugar solutions. J Neurophysiol. 2002;87:1068–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gam S, Guelfi KJ, Fournier PA. Mouth rinsing and ingesting a bitter solution improves sprint cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:1648–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Pauw K, Roelands B, Knaepen K, et al. Effects of caffeine and maltodextrin mouth rinsing on P300, brain imaging, and cognitive performance. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118:776–82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pomportes L, Brisswalter J, Casini L, et al. Cognitive performance enhancement induced by caffeine, carbohydrate and guarana mouth rinsing during submaximal exercise. Nutrients. 2017;9:589.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kizzi J, Sum A, Houston FE, et al. Influence of a caffeine mouth rinse on sprint cycling following glycogen depletion. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16:1087–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sinclair J, Bottoms L. The effects of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on arm crank time-trial performance. J Sports Res. 2014;1:34–44.
Google Scholar
Pataky MW, Womack CJ, Saunders MJ, et al. Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26:613–9.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Womack CJ, Saunders MJ, Bechtel MK, et al. The influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9:7.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lesniak AY, Davis SE, Moir GL, et al. The effects of carbohydrate, caffeine and combined rinses on cycling performance. J Sport Human Perform. 2016;4:1–10.
Google Scholar
Dolan P, Witherbee K, Peterson K, et al. The effect of carbohydrate, caffeine and carbohydrate + caffeine mouth rinsing on intermittent running performance in collegiate male lacrosse athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31:2473–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ballard SL, Wellborn-Kim JJ, Clausen KA. Effects of commercial energy drink consumption on athletic performance and body composition. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38:107–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spriet LL, Whitfield J. Taurine and skeletal muscle function. Curr Opin Clin Metab Care. 2015;18:96–101.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Souza DB, Del Coso J, Casonatto J, et al. Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56:13–27.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Geiss KR, Jester I, Falke W, et al. The effect of a taurine-containing drink on performance in 10 endurance athletes. Amino Acids. 1994;7:45–56.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rutherford JA, Spriet LL, Stellingwerff T. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on endurance performance and metabolism in trained cyclists. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010;20:322–9.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Kammerer M, Jaramillo JA, Garcia A, et al. Effects of energy drink major bioactive compounds on the performance of young adults in fitness and cognitive tests: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11:44–50.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Galloway SDR, Talanian JL, Shoveler AK, et al. Seven days of oral taurine supplementation does not increase muscle taurine content or alter substrate metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:643–51.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eckerson JM, Bull AJ, Baechle TR, et al. Acute ingestion of sugar-free Red Bull energy drink has no effect on upper body strength and muscular endurance in resistance trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27:2248–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jogani V, Jinturkar K, Vyas T, et al. Recent patents review on intranasal administration for CNS drug delivery. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2008;2:25–40.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Pauw K, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J, et al. Electro-physiological changes in the brain induced by caffeine or glucose nasal spray. Psychopharmacology. 2017;234:53–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pardeshi CV, Belgamwar VS. Direct nose to brain drug delivery via integrated nerve pathways bypassing the blood-brain barrier: an excellent platform for brain targeting. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013;10:957–72.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Finger TE, Böttger B, Hansen A, et al. Solitary chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity serve as sentinels of respiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:8981–6.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol. 1935;18:643–62.
Article
Google Scholar
De Pauw K, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J, et al. Do glucose and caffeine nasal sprays influence exercise and/or cognitive performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12:1186–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aeroshot, http://www.blessthisstuff.com/stuff/living/misc-living/aeroshot-pure-energy/. Accessed 26 Nov 2017.
Instavit, https://instavit.com/product/instant-energy/. Accessed 26 Nov 2017.
Primer, http://www.itsgotime.com/. Accessed 26 Nov 2017.
Revvies, http://www.revviesenergy.com/our-products/. Accessed 26 Nov 2017.
Sprayable Energy, https://sprayable.wpengine.com/media/. Accessed 26 Nov 2017.