Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pharmacotherapy of Anal Cancer

  • Therapy in Practice
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), among other malignancies, is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and its incidence continues to rise. Anal SCCA will likely remain an existing healthcare concern given compliance issues with the HPV vaccination seen in the US. Localized disease is predominantly treated with standard of care (SOC) definitive chemoradiation that has remained unchanged for decades. Clinical and molecular prognostic factors have emerged to characterize patients unresponsive to SOC, revealing the need for an alternate approach. Metastatic disease is an extremely small subset and understudied population due to its rarity. Recent prospective trials and mutational analysis have opened treatment options for this subset in need. Our review details the pharmacotherapeutic treatment in localized and metastatic anal SCCA chronologically, while also describing future outlooks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Anal Carcinoma. Version 2.2017. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/anal_blocks.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  3. Shiels MS, Kreimer AR, Coghill AE, et al. Anal cancer incidence in the United States, 1977–2011: distinct patterns by histology and behavior. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2015;24(10):1548–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975–2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(3):175–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer. 2004;101(2):281–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Islami F, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, et al. International trends in anal cancer incidence rates. Int J Epidemiol. 2016.

  7. Glynne-Jones R, Nilsson PJ, Aschele C, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014;40(10):1165–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang CJ, Sparano J, Palefsky JM. Human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, human papillomavirus, and anal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2017;26(1):17–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Eng C, Chang GJ, You YN, et al. The role of systemic chemotherapy and multidisciplinary management in improving the overall survival of patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Oncotarget. 2014;5(22):11133–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Bernardi MP, Ngan SY, Michael M, et al. Molecular biology of anal squamous cell carcinoma: implications for future research and clinical intervention. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):e611–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gao G, Smith DI. Human papillomavirus and the development of different cancers. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2016;150(3–4):185–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Morris VK, Rashid A, Rodriguez-Bigas M, et al. Clinicopathologic features associated with human papillomavirus/p16 in patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Oncologist. 2015;20(11):1247–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Burd EM, Dean CL. Human papillomavirus. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(4):1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dilley S, Scarinci I, Kimberlin D, et al. Preventing human papillomavirus-related cancers: we are all in this together. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):576–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years—United States, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(33):850–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Palefsky JM. Human papillomavirus-associated anal and cervical cancers in HIV-infected individuals: incidence and prevention in the antiretroviral therapy era. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2017;12(1):26–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fenkl EA, Jones SG, Schochet E, et al. HPV and anal cancer knowledge among HIV-infected and non-infected men who have sex with men. LGBT Health (Epub 11 Dec 2015).

  18. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. SEER facts and figures. Cancer of the Anus, Anal Canal, and Anorectum. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html. Accessed 27 Apr 17.

  19. Glynne-Jones R, Saleem W, Harrison M, et al. Background and current treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Oncol Ther. 2016;4(2):135–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Nigro ND, Vaitkevicius VK, Considine B Jr. Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report. Dis Colon Rectum. 1974;17(3):354–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cummings BJ, Keane TJ, O’Sullivan B, et al. Epidermoid anal cancer: treatment by radiation alone or by radiation and 5-fluorouracil with or without mitomycin C. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21:1115–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomized trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. UKCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-Ordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Lancet. 1996;348:1049–54.

  23. Northover J, Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, et al. Chemoradiation for the treatment of epidermoid anal cancer: 13 year follow-up of the first randomized UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial (ACT I). Br J Cancer. 2010;102:1123–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy and of salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:2527–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2040–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1914–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gunderson LL, et al. Long-term update of the US GI intergroup RTOG 98—11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent chemoradiation involving fluorouracil/mitomycin versus fluorouracil/cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4344–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Peiffert D, Tournier-Rangeard L, Gérard JP, et al. Induction chemotherapy and dose intensification of the radiation boost in locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: final analysis of the randomized UNICANCER ACCORD 03 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(16):1941–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows HM, et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomized, phase 3, open-label 2 × 2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:516–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Eng C, Chang GJ, You YN, et al. Long term results of weekly/daily cisplatin-based chemoradiation for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer. 2013;119:3769–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Glynne-Jones R, Meadows H, Wan S, et al. EXTRA—a multicenter phase II study of chemoradiation using a 5 day per week oral regimen of capecitabine and intravenous mitomycin C in anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(1):119–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Goodman K, Rothenstein D, Lajhem C, et al. Capecitabine plus mitomycin in patients undergoing definitive chemoradiation for anal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;90:S32–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Meulendijks D, Dewit L, Tomasoa NB, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine for locally advanced anal carcinoma: an alternative treatment option. Br J Cancer. 2014;111:1726–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Oliveira SC, Moniz CM, Riechelmann R, et al. Phase II study of capecitabine in substitution of 5-FU in the chemoradiotherapy regimen for patients with localized squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2016;47(1):75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Peixoto RD, Wan DD, Schellenberg D, et al. A comparison between 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin and capecitabine/mitomycin in combination with radiation for anal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(4):665–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Olivatto LO, Vieira FM, Pereira BV, et al. Phase 1 study of cetuximab in combination with 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced anal canal carcinoma. Cancer. 2013;119(16):2973–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Deutsch E, Lemanski C, Pignon JP, et al. Unexpected toxicity of cetuximab combined with conventional chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced anal cancer: results of the UNICANCER ACCORD16 phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(11):2834–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Garg MK, Zhao F, Sparano JA, et al. Cetuximab plus chemoradiotherapy in immunocompetent patients with anal carcinoma: a phase II Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-American College of Radiology Imaging Network Cancer Research Group Trial (E3205). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(7):718–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sparano JA, Lee JY, Palefsky J, et al. Cetuximab plus chemoradiotherapy for HIV-associated anal carcinoma: a phase II AIDS malignancy consortium trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(7):727–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sebag-Montefiore D, Meadows HM, Cunningham D, et al. Three cytotoxic drugs combined with pelvic radiation and as maintenance chemotherapy for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA): long-term follow-up of a phase II pilot study using 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C and cisplatin. Radiother Oncol. 2012;104(2):155–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee IH, Lee SJ, Kang BW, et al. Pilot study of FMC (5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and cisplatin) with radiotherapy for patients with anal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;78(6):1263–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, Meadows HM, et al. Best time to assess complete clinical response after chemoradiotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a post-hoc analysis of randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(3):347–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Rogers JE, Ohinata A, Silva NN, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in metastatic anal cancer. Anticancer Drugs. 2016;27(8):804–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sclafani F, Morano F, Cunningham D, et al. Platinum-fluoropyrimidine and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced anal cancer patients. Oncologist. 2017;22(4):402–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Faivre C, Rougier P, Ducreux M, et al. 5-Fluorouracile and cisplatinum combination chemotherapy for metastatic squamous-cell anal cancer. Bull Cancer. 1999;86(10):861–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Clinicaltrials.gov. International multicentre study in advanced anal cancer comparing cisplatin plus 5 FU vs carboplatin plus weekly paclitaxel (InterAACT). Available at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02051868. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  47. Kim R, Byer J, Fulp WJ, et al. Carboplatin and paclitaxel treatment is effective in advanced anal cancer. Oncology. 2014;87(2):125–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim S, Jary M, Mansi L, et al. DCF (docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy is a promising treatment for recurrent advanced squamous cell anal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(12):3045–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical and biological interest of taxanes in advanced squamous cell anal carcinoma (Epitopes-HPV02). Available at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02402842?term=Epitopes-HPV02&rank=1. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  50. Golub DV, Civelek AC, Sharma VR. A regimen of taxol, Ifosfamide, and platinum for recurrent advanced squamous cell cancer of the anal canal. Chemother Res Pract. 2011;2011:163736.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Hainsworth JD, Burris HA 3rd, Meluch AA, et al. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and long-term continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced squamous and other selected carcinomas: results of a Phase II trial. Cancer. 2001;92(3):642–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Tanum G. Treatment of relapsing anal carcinoma. Acta Oncol. 1993;32(1):33–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gurfinkel R, Walfisch S. Combined treatment of basaloid anal carcinoma using cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and resection of hepatic metastasis. Tech Coloproctol. 2005;9(3):235–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tokar M, Bobilev D, Zalmanov S, et al. Combined multimodal approach to the treatment of metastatic anal carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Onkologie. 2006;29:30–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pawlick TM, Gleisner AL, Bauer TW, et al. Liver-directed surgery for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the liver: results of a multi-center analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2807–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hodges JC, Das P, Eng C, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of squamous cell anal cancer with para-aortic nodal involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75:791–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rogers JE, Crane CH, Das P, et al. Definitive chemoradiation in oligometastatic squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2014;7(2):65–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Gnanajothy R, Warren GW, Okun S, et al. A combined modality therapeutic approach to metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma with systemic chemotherapy and local therapy to sites of disease: case report and review of literature. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(3):E58–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Sousa TT, Santos BD, Belotto M, et al. Successful hepatectomy for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal—a case report. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(6):E103–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Alcindor T. Activity of paclitaxel in metastatic squamous anal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(7):717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Abbas A, Nehme E, Fakih M. Single-agent paclitaxel in advanced anal cancer after failure of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(12):4637–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Cervical cancer. Version 1.2017. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cervical_blocks.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  63. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Head and neck cancers: very advanced head and neck cancer. Version 1.2017. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/head-and-neck_blocks.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  64. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Non-small cell lung cancer. Version 5.2017. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl_blocks.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  65. Kim DW, Byer J, Kothari N, et al. EGFR inhibitors in patients with advanced squamous cell anal carcinomas: a single-institution experience. Oncology. 2017;92(4):190–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. De Dosso S, Martin V, Zanellato E, et al. Molecular characterization and response to cetuximab in a patient with refractory squamous cell anal carcinoma. Tumori. 2010;96(4):627–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lukan N, Ströbel P, Willer A, et al. Cetuximab-based treatment of metastatic anal cancer: correlation of response with KRAS mutational status. Oncology. 2009;77(5):293–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rogers JE, Eng C. Cetuximab in refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2014;45(Suppl 1):198–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Capelli L, Casadei Gardini A, Scarpi E, et al. No evidence of NRAS mutation in squamous cell anal carcinoma (SCAC). Sci Rep. 2016;6:37621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Casadei Gardini A, Capelli L, Ulivi P, et al. KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA status in squamous cell anal carcinoma (SCAC). PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92071.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Pirker R, et al. Cetuximab plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (FLEX): an open label randomized phase III trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1525–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rivera F, et al. Cetuximab in metastatic or recurrent head and neck cancer: the EXTREME trial. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9:1421–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Govindarajan R, Gujja S, Siegel ER, et al. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in anal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol (Epub 15 Nov 2016).

  74. Morris VK, Salem ME, Nimeiri H, et al. Nivolumab for previously treated unresectable metastatic anal cancer (NCI9673): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(4):446–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ott PA, Piha-Paul SA, Munster P, et al. Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) for PD-L1-positive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal: preliminary safety and efficacy results from KEYNOTE-028. Paper presented at the European Cancer Congress, Vienna, 26 Sep 2015.

  76. ClinicalTrials.gov. Pembrolizumab in refractory metastatic anal cancer. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02919969. Accessed 24 Apr 17.

  77. Kapacee ZA, Susnerwala S, Wise M, et al. Chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell canal carcinoma: a review of prognostic factors. Colorectal Dis. 2016;18(11):1080–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ravenda PS, Magni E, Botteri E. Prognostic value of human papillomavirus in anal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;74(5):1033–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Meulendijks D, Tomasoa NB, Dewit L, et al. HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is unresponsive to standard treatment and frequently carries disruptive mutations in TP53. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(8):1358–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Cacheux W, Rouleau E, Briaux A, et al. Mutational analysis of anal cancers demonstrates frequent PIK3CA mutations associated with poor outcome after salvage abdominoperineal resection. Br J Cancer. 2016;114(12):1387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Hong D, Infante J, Janku F, et al. Phase I study of LY2606368, a checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):1764–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Gadhikar MA, Sciuto MR, Alves MV, et al. Chk1/2 inhibition overcomes the cisplatin resistance of head and neck cancer cells secondary to the loss of functional p53. Mol Cancer Ther. 2013;12(9):1860–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Grünwald V, Keilholz U, Boehm A, et al. TEMHEAD: a single-arm multicentre phase II study of temsirolimus in platin- and cetuximab refractory recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) of the German SCCHN Group (AIO). Ann Oncol. 2015;26(3):561–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Lattanzio L, Milano G, Monteverde M, et al. Schedule-dependent interaction between temsirolimus and cetuximab in head and neck cancer: a preclinical study. Anticancer Drugs. 2016;27(6):533–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Krishnansu S, et al. Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:734–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Garon EB, et al. Ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel for second-line treatment of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer after disease progression on platinum-based therapy (REVEL): a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9944):665–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacy Clinical Programs, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Jane E. Rogers

  2. Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Cathy Eng

Authors
  1. Jane E. Rogers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cathy Eng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jane E. Rogers.

Ethics declarations

Funding

No funding was received for the preparation of this article.

Conflict of interest

Jane E. Rogers declares no conflicts of interest. Cathy Eng has received grants/has grants pending from Daiichi and Keryx, received consulting fees or honorarium from Bayer and Sirtex, and received payment for lectures, including service on speaker bureaus from Genentech.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rogers, J.E., Eng, C. Pharmacotherapy of Anal Cancer. Drugs 77, 1519–1530 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-017-0792-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-017-0792-3

Search

Navigation