Abstract
Introduction
Rheumatic diseases are autoimmune, inflammatory diseases often associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease, a major cause of mortality in these patients. In recent years, treatment with biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs, have become the standard of treatment. In this systematic literature review, we evaluated the effect of treatment with biologic or tofacitinib on the CV risk and outcomes in these patients.
Methods
A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles reporting on CV risk and events in patients with rheumatic disease treated with a biologic agent or tofacitinib. Articles identified were subjected to two levels of screening. Articles that passed the first level based on title and abstract were assessed on full-text evaluation. The quality of randomized clinical trials was assessed by Jadad scoring system and the quality of the other studies and abstracts was assessed using the Downs and Black instrument. The data extracted included study design, baseline patient characteristics, and measurements of CV risk and events.
Results
Of the 5722 articles identified in the initial search, screening yielded 105 unique publications from 90 unique studies (33 clinical trials, 39 prospective cohort studies, and an additional 18 retrospective studies) that reported CV risk outcomes. A risk of bias analysis for each type of report indicated that they were of good or excellent quality. Importantly, despite some limitations in data reported, there were no indications of significant increase in adverse CV events or risk in response to treatment with the agents evaluated.
Conclusions
Treatment with biologic or tofacitinib appears to be well-tolerated with respect to CV outcomes in these patients.
Similar content being viewed by others
This systematic literature review evaluated 105 publications from 90 unique studies reporting cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in response to treatment with biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). |
There were no indications of significant increase in adverse CV events in response to treatment with the agents evaluated. |
Treatment with biologic or targeted synthetic DMARDs appears to be well-tolerated with respect to CV outcomes by these patients. |
The conclusions in this review need to be interpreted with caution as quality and quantity of data vary substantially between the various drugs included, thereby limiting stringent comparisons. |
1 Introduction
Rheumatic diseases are systemic, autoimmune, inflammatory diseases characterized by chronic severe pain and progressive swelling and destruction of joints resulting in functional impairment, disability, reduced quality of life, and even death [1]. Rheumatic diseases are often associated with other co-morbidities, the most common of which is cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), a major cause for mortality in these patients [2, 3]. Clinical disease activity and systemic inflammation, as evidenced by increase in specific biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), are strong predictors of increased risk of CVD [2,3,4,5], subsequent development of CVD [6, 7], and CVD-related death [2, 3, 8]. A recently published meta-analysis showed that the relative risk for myocardial infarction (MI) was significantly increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) [9].
Over the last decade, biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), most notably tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), and more recently, targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs), either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs, have become the standard of treatment for most rheumatic diseases [10, 11]. The drugs included in this review have been approved for the treatment of RA (abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, tocilizumab, and tofacitinib), PsA (abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, secukinumab, and ustekinumab), ankylosing spondylitis (AS; adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, and secukinumab), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA; abatacept, adalimumab, etanercept, and tocilizumab). These medications have been key to reducing disease activity and improving patient quality of life [10, 11]. However, their impact on the risk for CVD, the primary driver of mortality in these patients, is still unclear and needs to be evaluated given the increasingly widespread use of these agents. In particular, the reports of effects on lipid profiles need to be assessed with respect to effect on risk for CVD.
The overall objectives of this systematic literature review were to assess and compare the effect of the different agents on CV events or risk outcomes and to assess differences in these outcomes according to patient and disease type.
2 Methods
A systematic literature review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [12] to identify studies that investigated CV risks or events in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs approved for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, prescribed either as stand-alone therapy or in combination.
2.1 Data Sources and Searches
The data sources searched included MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Databases were searched using specific search strings, which included synonyms and combinations of the following key terms: RA, JIA, PsA, AS, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, certolizumab, golimumab, tofacitinib, methotrexate, DMARDs, biosimilars, and CV risk factors or outcomes. The full search strings used for the electronic databases and conference proceedings, including all the search terms and the relationships between the search terms, are listed in Electronic Supplementary Material #1. Additional studies were identified from previously published systematic literature reviews or from the references of included studies. Searches were restricted to English language and limited to the timeframe of January 2000 to December 2015.
2.2 Study Selection
All randomized and non-randomized control trials and observational studies on adult patients diagnosed with RA, AS, PsA, and patients of any age diagnosed with JIA were included. Preclinical (animal) or studies that pooled data from different agents, case reports, case series, case studies, previously published systematic literature reviews, letters, commentaries, and editorials were excluded. Also excluded were studies that examined the effect of bDMARDs and tsDMARDs on CV risk and events but provided insufficient data to interpret findings, studies with a sample size of fewer than 30 patients, and studies assessing novel CV biomarkers not in routine clinical use.
2.3 Screening
Two levels of screening were performed. In level I, studies were identified based on title and abstract by SL, eliminating all publications with duplication of study populations. Carole Jones performed a quality check of 10% of all screened studies. Discrepancy ≥ 5% would have prompted a re-evaluation of the whole dataset. All authors reviewed all studies that were eligible for level II screening. In level II, qualifying articles identified in level I were assessed based on the full-text by following a standard hierarchy of evidence. Publications not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded. Carole Jones screened 20% of the publications excluded at the level II screening stage and also reviewed all publications determined to be eligible for inclusion. All disagreements were resolved by consensus.
2.4 Data Extracted
For each publication, the data were extracted by SL and reviewed by all authors. The information extracted included study design, baseline patient characteristics, CV risk profile, CV risk factors, CV events, and other observations, including CRP levels and lipid levels, where available, reported in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs. Blood lipid levels included total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), apolipoprotein B (Apo-B), and atherogenic index (ratio of TC to HDL). CV events extracted included MI, stroke, venous thrombotic events (VTEs), heart failure (HF), pulmonary thromboembolism, and hypertension. Traditional, novel, and disease-specific CV risk factors or markers of atherosclerosis used in disease diagnosis included augmentation index (AIx), AIx normalized for a heart rate of 75 beats/min (AIx@75), cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). CV risk scores included the Reynolds, Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and Framingham risk scores. All CV-related mortality was also extracted.
2.5 Risk of Bias
The quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed using recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) single technology appraisal (STA) manufacturer’s template. RCTs were evaluated using the Jadad scoring system [13], which ranges from 0 (very poor study) to 5 (rigorous study). The quality of all non-RCTs (nRCTs) and observational studies were assessed using the Downs and Black instrument [14], which consists of a checklist of 27 items; the score can range from 0 (very poor study) to 32 (rigorous study). Abstracts from conference proceedings were assessed using the modified-Downs and Black instrument [15], which also consists of a checklist of 27 items; however, the score ranges from 0 (very poor study) to 28 (rigorous study).
3 Results
3.1 Search
The searches of the various databases yielded 5722 articles, of which 5123 were unique (Fig. 1). After the level I screening of title and abstracts, 344 articles met the inclusion criteria and 4779 articles were excluded. Level II screening of these articles based on full-text analysis yielded 196 relevant articles, with 148 being excluded for various criteria (Fig. 1). A deeper analysis of these showed that 41 articles had insufficient CV data to interpret findings, 26 articles reported on novel CV biomarkers that were not used in routine clinical practice, and 24 articles had enrolled < 30 patients in the studies, leaving 105 unique publications reporting results from 95 studies.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. Level I = studies identified based on title and abstract; level II = articles identified in level I assessed based on full-text analysis. CV cardiovascular
3.2 Risk of Bias Analysis
The mean Jadad score for the 22 RCTs with full publications was 3.9, with 19 (86.4%) studies being of good quality. Of the 22 studies, 13 (59.1%) scored excellent with a mean Jadad score of 4.6, and six (27.3%) scored good with a mean Jadad score of 3.2; three (13.6%) studies scored poor with a mean Jadad score of 2.0. The mean Downs and Black quality assessment score for the 44 nRCTs with full publications was 15.5, with 98% of the studies being good or excellent quality. The mean modified Downs and Black quality assessment score for the 24 abstracts from conference proceedings was 5.5, with 75% of the published abstracts being of good quality.
3.3 Cardiovascular (CV) Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis
3.3.1 Study Characteristics
The characteristics of all the studies classified by type for all therapeutic agents are given in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 1. There were a total of 25 RCTs, 32 prospective cohort (PC) studies, and 16 retrospective cohort (RC) studies on the CV risk in RA. The number of patients enrolled in these studies ranged from 30 to 68,447. Treatment duration depended on the therapeutic agent being evaluated and ranged from 6 to 624 weeks.
3.3.2 Patient Characteristics
The characteristics of all RA patients enrolled in these studies for all therapeutic agents evaluated are summarized in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 2. Briefly, all patients enrolled in these studies were adults (range 38.0–62.7 years), mostly female (range 40.8–100%), and had moderate to severe disease with disease duration ranging from 0.3 to 17.6 years.
3.3.3 CV Risk Analysis
The results of CV risk analysis for all therapeutic agents are summarized in Table 1. Overall, in patients with RA there is a higher prevalence of HF, increased incidence of impaired myocardial and longitudinal deformation, and increased left ventricle circumferential apical strain. The findings for each drug are given in brief here.
3.3.3.1 Abatacept
Data on patients with RA treated with abatacept were obtained from one RCT (conference abstract) [16], one PC study (full-length article [17] and conference abstract [18]), and six RC studies (all conference abstracts) [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. There were no changes from baseline reported for TC [16, 17, 21, 23, 25] and TG [17, 21, 23, 25]. Saito et al. [24] reported increase in both HDL-C and LDL-C, but two other studies reported no significant change [17, 21, 23, 25]. There was no significant effect on BP [17], atherogenic index [16], AIx [16,17,18, 21, 23, 25], CAVI [18], cIMT [16], and carotid artery plaques [16]. Kume et al. [16] reported significant reduction in CRP, but Provan et al. [17] reported that there was no effect. For patients with RA treated with abatacept, the rate of CV events was estimated at 3.3 per 100 patient-years (PY) [19] and the hazard ratio (HR) range was 1.0–1.6 relative to the comparator drug after adjusting for potential confounding factors [19, 20]. The Framingham 10-year CVD risk was significantly reduced from 12.7 to 10.6 (p = 0.011) [22] and the adjusted Reynolds risk score was 0.4 [21, 23, 25].
3.3.3.2 Adalimumab
Data on patients with RA treated with adalimumab were obtained from five RCTs (four full-length articles [26,27,28,29] and three conference abstracts [30,31,32]), five PC studies (four full-length articles [33,34,35,36] and one conference abstract [37]), and six RC studies (four full-length articles [38,39,40,41] and two conference abstracts [19, 24]). There was no effect on TC [27, 33, 36, 40] or TG [33, 36, 40]. In some studies there were significant increases in HDL-C [24, 26, 29, 32] and LDL-C [24, 26, 32], but there were others that reported no significant change in these lipids [33, 36, 40]. There was significant reduction in CRP [27, 33, 36], AIx [27, 30], CAVI [27, 30], serum amyloid A (SAA) [26, 32], secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) [26, 32], and arterial stiffness [30]. There were no significant effects on cIMT [27, 36], BP [34, 36], ApoB:ApoA-1 ratio [33], or atherogenic index [27, 30]. The rate for MI was 0.3–0.6% and for stroke was 0.3%. The rate of CV events was 2.7 per 100 PY [19] and the rate of VTEs was 0.3 per 100 PY [35]. The rate of thromboembolic events was greater in patients who developed anti-adalimumab antibodies (ADAb) at 2.7 per 100 PY compared with 0.8 per 100 PY for patients who did not develop ADAb [39]. The HR range was 0.8–1.8 relative to rituximab or non-biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (nbDMARDs) after adjusting for potential confounding factors [19, 35].
3.3.3.3 Certolizumab Pegol
Standard CV risk outcomes were not reported in two full-length publications from a single RCT and its long-term extension on patients with RA treated with certolizumab pegol [42, 43]. However, the prevalence of hypertension was estimated to be 8.2–10.2%. The total of 11 deaths, six occurring in the first 12 months and five in the second 12 months, corresponded to a rate of 0.73 per 100 PY. None of the deaths were considered related to treatment with certolizumab pegol.
3.3.3.4 Etanercept
Data on patients with RA treated with etanercept were obtained from three RCTs (two full-length articles [27, 44] and one conference abstract [30]), five PCs (all full-length articles) [35, 45,46,47,48], and five RCs (four full-length articles [38, 49,50,51] and two conference abstracts [19, 52]). Treatment with etanercept increased HDL-C [45, 47, 48] but had no significant effect on LDL-C or TG [45, 47]. Etanercept had a favorable effect on lipid profile based on a significantly lower ApoB:ApoA-1 ratio, but primarily in patients exhibiting good or moderate response [47] according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria [11]; however, TC was increased significantly in these patients, whereas there was no statistical difference in EULAR non-responders or in other studies [27, 48]. Arterial stiffness [30], AIx [27, 30, 45, 46], Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) [45], CAVI [27, 30], CRP [27, 45, 46, 48], and left ventricle mass index [45] were reduced significantly in patients treated with etanercept. Small increases in CV-associated serious adverse events (SAEs) such as HF, coronary artery disease, MI, and cerebrovascular events were reported in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or chronic pulmonary disease as co-morbidities [44]. Overall, there was a reduced risk of HF in patients treated with etanercept [49, 51], and the rates of CV events and serious CV events were 3.0 per 100 PY [19] and 1.0 per 100 PY [50, 52], respectively. The risk of first VTE was 0.3 per 100 PY and the adjusted HR was 1.8 relative to nbDMARDs [35].
3.3.3.5 Golimumab
There is sparse information on the effect of golimumab treatment on CV events. What is available was reported in a conference abstract on data obtained from five clinical trials [53]. The rates of CV SAEs and ischemic CV events were reported at 0.25 per 100 PY and 0.43 per 100 PY, respectively.
3.3.3.6 Infliximab
Data on patients with RA treated with infliximab were obtained from four RCTs (three full-length articles [54,55,56] and two conference abstracts [57, 58]), 11 PCs (11 full-length articles [35, 59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] and one conference abstract [69]), and five RCs (four full-length articles [38, 49, 51, 70] and one conference abstract [19]). Data from several studies showed that treatment with infliximab resulted in significant increase in TC [54, 57,58,59,60,61,62,63, 65, 67, 68, 70], HDL-C [57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65], and TG [61, 63, 65, 70]. Results with LDL-C and atherogenic index were mixed. In three PC studies, there was significant increase in LDL-C for at least the first 12 weeks [60, 61, 64], whereas data from two RCTs [54, 57, 58] and two PC studies [65, 67, 68] showed no significant change. Significant improvement in atherogenic index was reported in one RCT [57, 58], but significant worsening was reported in three PC studies [61, 63, 65], and no significant change was reported in one RCT [56] and two PC studies [59, 60]. Several studies reported significant reduction in inflammation as determined by decreased CRP levels [56, 60, 64, 67, 68, 70]. In one RCT [55], AIx worsened in response to infliximab treatment but showed no significant change in another [56]. Treatment with infliximab resulted in higher aortic stiffness index, aortic strain, and aortic distensibility [69], but a lower risk of HF [51], decreased arterial stiffness as indicated by decreased PWV [56], and decreased aortic beta index [69]. There were no changes reported in BP and cIMT. Long-term treatment may improve myocardial deformation and normalize left-ventricular torsion [67, 68]. Insulin resistance [57, 58], Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) [57, 58], and aortic elasticity [69] all improved with infliximab treatment. There was no significant change in NT-proBNP [57, 58, 63]. SAEs were reported in 68.2% of patients who experienced CVD-related mortality [66]. The rates of CV events and VTEs were 2.1 per 100 PY [19] and 0.5 per 100 PY [35], respectively. The adjusted HR for CV events was 1.1–1.3 relative to rituximab or nbDMARDs [19, 35].
3.3.3.7 Rituximab
Data on patients with RA treated with rituximab were obtained from six PC studies (four full-length articles [17, 71,72,73] and two conference abstracts [74, 75]) and four RC studies (two full-length articles [28, 76] and six conference abstracts [19,20,21, 23, 25, 31]). There was no significant effect on LDL-C [17, 21, 23, 25, 71,72,73,74], TG [17, 71,72,73,74], AIx [17, 71, 72], PWV [17], or systolic BP [17]. Significant increases in TC and HDL-C, and a decrease in atherogenic index, were reported in two PC studies [71, 74], and no significant change was reported in three PC studies [17, 72, 73] and one RC study [21, 23, 25]. Significant decrease in CRP was reported in two PC studies [71, 74], whereas no significant change was reported in another [17]. In addition, there were significant decreases in ESR and DAS28 [74]. The rate of MI, the most common cardiac adverse event (AE) [28, 31, 76], was 0.39–0.6 per 100 PY [28, 31, 75, 76], and similar to that in the general RA population (0.48–0.59 per 100 PY) [28, 31, 76]. The overall rate of CV events was 2.4 per 100 PY. However, there were more CV-related deaths among patients treated with rituximab than those treated with placebo for over 11 years [28, 31, 76]. The rates of stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and death per 100 PY were 0.5, 0.3, 0.4, and 1.6, respectively [75]. The adjusted HR for CV events was 1.0 relative to abatacept [19, 20] and the adjusted Reynolds risk score was 0.1 [21, 23, 25].
3.3.3.8 Secukinumab
In the two conference abstracts from a single RCT on secukinumab [77, 78], there were no significant changes in TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, atherogenic index, ApoB:ApoA-1 ratio, and no CV events reported.
3.3.3.9 Tocilizumab
Data on patients with RA treated with tocilizumab were obtained from ten RCTs (seven full-length articles [26, 27, 79,80,81,82,83] and five conference abstracts [16, 30, 32, 84, 85]), seven PC studies (six full-length articles [17, 37, 72, 86,87,88] and one conference abstract [89]), and six RC studies (one full-length article [90] and seven conference abstracts [20,21,22,23,24,25, 91]). Most studies reported significant increases in TC [16, 21, 23, 25, 27, 79,80,81, 83,84,85,86, 90, 91], HDL-C [22, 24, 26, 32, 79, 85, 92], LDL-C [21, 23,24,25,26, 32, 81, 85, 92], and TG [21, 23, 25, 79, 86, 92], although two PC studies reported no significant change from baseline [17, 72] and one RCT reported that the increase in TC was reversible [79]. When measured, there was significant reduction in CRP levels [16, 17, 27, 80, 84, 90], CAVI [16, 27, 30], atherogenic index [79], AIx [16, 22, 27, 30], and Framingham 10-year CVD risk [22]. There were no changes reported in cIMT [16, 27] or BP [17]. Compared with patients treated with methotrexate, hypertension and vascular disorders were more common in patients treated with tocilizumab [81]. The rates per 100 PY of serious cardiac dysfunction, HF, ischemic heart disease, MI, angina pectoris, stroke, and death were 1.11, 0.47, 0.43, 0.09–0.2, 0.16, 0.15, and 0.07, respectively [88]. The rates of cardiac AEs and CV-related death were 0.4% [80, 84] and 6.7–9.0% [80, 84, 88], respectively, both higher than the rates for patients receiving placebo (0.2 and 5.1%, respectively) [80, 84]. In addition, the rate of cerebrovascular-related deaths in tocilizumab-treated patients was 5.6% [88]. The proportion of patients with serious cardiac dysfunction did not increase over time with treatment [88]. The adjusted HR was 0.4 [87].
3.3.3.10 Tofacitinib
Data on patients with RA treated with tofacitinib were obtained from nine RCTs (nine full-length articles [29, 83, 93,94,95,96,97,98,99] and two conference abstracts [100, 101]). Most studies reported significant increases in TC [83, 93, 95, 98, 99], HDL-C [29, 83, 93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101], LDL-C [29, 83, 93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101], and TG [83, 97, 100, 101], and a significant decrease in CRP [95, 97, 100, 101]. Treatment with statin can normalize cholesterol levels. There were no changes in atherogenic index [83, 93] and BP [95].
3.4 CV Risk in Psoriatic Arthritis
3.4.1 Study Characteristics
The characteristics of all studies classified by type for all therapeutic agents are given in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 3. There were a total of three RCTs [102,103,104,105], two PC studies [62, 106], and two RC studies [41, 107] on the CV risk in PsA. The number of patients enrolled in these studies ranged from 60 to 23,458. Treatment duration depended on the therapeutic agent being evaluated and ranged from 24 to 624 weeks.
3.4.2 Patient Characteristics
The characteristics of all PsA patients enrolled in these studies for all therapeutic agents evaluated are summarized in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 4. Briefly, all patients enrolled in these studies were adults (range 42.5–49.6 years), the proportion of female patients ranged from 29.8 to 60.0%, and the disease duration ranged from 0.9 to 14.6 years.
3.4.3 CV Risk Analysis
Overall, all PsA patients have higher prevalence of CV co-morbidities, including diabetes and hypertension, than the general population [105]. Furthermore, women have higher CV risk than men due to a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and elevated BP [105]. There were no studies reporting CV events or biomarkers for patients with PsA treated with abatacept, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, rituximab, tocilizumab, or tofacitinib. The results of CV risk analysis for all therapeutic agents are summarized in Table 2.
3.4.3.1 Adalimumab
Data on patients with PsA treated with adalimumab were obtained from two RC studies, both full-length articles [41, 107]. Costa et al. [107] reported that HDL-C was increased and TG was decreased. Burmester et al. [41] reported that the rate of CHF per 100 PY was zero.
3.4.3.2 Etanercept
Data on patients with PsA treated with etanercept were obtained from one full-length article on a retrospective analysis of data from an RCT [105], one PC study (conference abstract) [106], and one full-length article for a RC study [107]. There was a significant increase in HDL-C [105, 107], although the PC study reported no change [106]. There was significant reduction in CRP [105, 106]. Costa et al. [107] reported decrease in TG, but the other two studies reported no significant change [105, 106]. There were no significant effects on TC [105], LDL-C [105, 106], atherogenic index [106], or ApoB:ApoA-1 ratio [105, 106]. However, the favorable CV effects could not be attributed to the lipid profile [106].
3.4.3.3 Infliximab
In the single PC study evaluating the effect of infliximab treatment on CV risk factors in patients with PsA [62], there was a sustained increase in TC and HDL-C but no significant effect on LDL-C or TG. There was also a significant decrease in atherogenic index and CRP levels.
3.4.3.4 Secukinumab
Among PsA patients treated with secukinumab, the reported incidence rate for major cardiac AEs was 0.7 per 100 PY based on data from a single clinical trial [103, 104]. No other CV-related events or biomarkers were reported.
3.4.3.5 Ustekinumab
In patients treated with ustekinumab for PsA, as reported in a conference abstract on a single clinical trial [102], the rate of major CV AEs was 0.7 per 100 PY. No other CV-related events or biomarkers were reported.
3.5 CV Risk in Ankylosing Spondylitis
3.5.1 Study Characteristics
The characteristics of all the studies classified by type for all therapeutic agents are given in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 5. There were a total of two RCTs [108,109,110], eight PC studies [54, 55, 62, 111,112,113,114,115], and one RC study [41] on CV risk in AS. The number of patients enrolled in these studies ranged from 30 to 23,458. Treatment duration depended on the therapeutic agent being evaluated and ranged from 7 to 624 weeks.
3.5.2 Patient Characteristics
The characteristics of all AS patients enrolled in these studies for all therapeutic agents evaluated are summarized in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 6. Briefly, all patients enrolled in these studies were adults (range 34.2–43.1 years), the proportion of female patients ranged from 3.1 to 46.7%, and all patients had moderate to severe disease with a mean Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) ranging from 4.9 to 7.0 and disease duration ranging from 1.5 to 13.0 years.
3.5.3 CV Risk Analysis
The results of CV risk analysis for all therapeutic agents are summarized in Table 3. There were no studies reporting CV events or biomarkers for patients with AS treated with abatacept, certolizumab pegol, rituximab, tocilizumab, ustekinumab, or tofacitinib.
3.5.3.1 Adalimumab
In a full-length article on a RC study on patients treated with adalimumab [41], the rate of CHF was reported to be 0.1 per 100 PY. No other CV events were reported.
3.5.3.2 Etanercept
Data on patients with AS treated with etanercept were obtained from two PC studies [111, 112], both full-length articles. van Eijk et al. [111] reported that in response to etanercept there was a significant increase in TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG accompanied by a significant decrease in SAA particles in HDL-C, atherogenic index, ApoB:ApoA-1 ratio, and CRP. On the other hand, van Halm et al. [112] reported that in patients treated with etanercept, there were negative correlations between disease parameters and TC, HDL-C, and TG, although there were no significant changes in the levels of these lipids. No other CV events were reported.
3.5.3.3 Golimumab
Data on patients with AS treated with golimumab were obtained from a single full-length article on an RCT [110]. There were significant increases in TC, HDL-C, and TG, but not in LDL-C. There was also a significant decrease in CRP. There were no significant changes in AIx, BP, cIMT, and PWV. No other CV events were reported.
3.5.3.4 Infliximab
Data on patients with AS treated with infliximab were obtained from six PC studies, all full-length articles [54, 55, 62, 113,114,115]. Some studies reported significant increases in TC [54, 62], HDL-C [54, 62], and TG [54], whereas Ersozlu Bozkirli et al. [113] reported no significant changes in these lipids. There was no significant change in LDL-C [54, 62, 113] or AIx [115]. There was significant reduction in CRP [55, 62, 113, 115] and the Framingham 10-year CV risk [113]. The results were mixed for atherogenic index and BP; Spanakis et al. [62] and Ersozlu Bozkirli et al. [113] reported significant decrease in atherogenic index and BP, respectively, but others reported no significant changes in these parameters [54, 55, 115]. CV-related AEs reported included palpitations (11.4%), hypertension (20.0%), chest pain (2.9%), and premature ventricular contraction (2.9%), all of which were short-term [114]. There were no long-term CV-related AEs reported.
3.5.3.5 Secukinumab
The clinical trial evaluating the effect of secukinumab on patients with AS [108, 109] reported that the exposure-adjusted incidence rate for major cardiac AEs was 0.4 per 100 PY. No other CV events were reported.
3.6 CV Risk in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
3.6.1 Study Characteristics
The characteristics of all the studies classified by type for all therapeutic agents are given in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 7. There were a total of two RCTs (including a long-term extension) [116,117,118,119], one PC study [120], and two RC studies [41, 121] on CV risk in JIA. The number of patients enrolled in these studies ranged from 30 to 23,458. Treatment duration depended on the therapeutic agent being evaluated and ranged from 6 to 624 weeks.
3.6.2 Patient Characteristics
The characteristics of all JIA patients enrolled in these studies for all therapeutic agents evaluated are summarized in Electronic Supplementary Material #2 Table 8. Briefly, the mean age of patients enrolled in these studies ranged from 6.9 to 13.1 years, the proportion of female patients ranged from 71.0 to 86.0%, and the disease duration ranged from 2.5 to 4.7 years.
3.6.3 CV Risk Analysis
The results of CV risk analysis for all therapeutic agents are summarized in Table 4. There were no studies reporting CV events or biomarkers for patients with JIA treated with abatacept, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, secukinumab, tofacitinib, or ustekinumab.
3.6.3.1 Adalimumab
The single RC study evaluating the effect of adalimumab in patients with JIA reported no CHF events [41].
3.6.3.2 Etanercept
Data on patients with JIA treated with etanercept were obtained from one PC study (full-length article) [120] and one RC study (conference abstract) [121]. Among children with JIA, treatment with etanercept significantly decreased TC, LDL-C, TG, and CRP, but not HDL-C [120]. However, this overall improvement in lipid profile and inflammation did not translate into improvement in atherogenic index. Among adult patients with JIA who received etanercept during childhood, the prevalence of CVD was 10.8% [121], which was similar to that observed in the general population. However, patients with systemic JIA had a significantly higher rate of CVD.
3.6.3.3 Tocilizumab
In the CHERISH trial [116, 117], treatment with tocilizumab resulted in 34.6 and 11.4% of patients having TC levels ≥ 170 mg/dL and LDL-C levels ≥ 110 mg/dL, respectively. Levels of cholesterol exceeding the upper limit of normal for TC or LDL-C were observed at least once in 31% of the patients who received tocilizumab. In the TENDER trial [118], patients with JIA and insulin resistance treated with tocilizumab showed significant reductions in HOMA-IR at week 6, which was associated with improvement in Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score and active joint count. In the long-term extension study [119] there was no change in mean TC, but 11.9% of patients reported grade 2 elevation.
4 Discussion
This systematic literature search for the effect of bDMARDs and tsDMARDs on CV events among patients with rheumatic diseases resulted in 105 publications from 95 separate studies. The risk of bias analyses demonstrated that the methodological rigor of the studies included in this review was fairly high, indicating that information obtained from these reports was reliable.
Of the 95 studies, 73 (76.8%) included patients with RA, seven (7.4%) included patients with PsA, 11 (11.6%) included patients with AS, and five (5.3%) included patients with JIA; the total is greater than 100% as some studies included multiple indications. The information available was heavily skewed towards CV effects in patients with RA, with some data published on ten of the 11 therapeutic agents being evaluated. By comparison, information was available from only five therapeutic agents each for patients with PsA and AS, and three therapeutic agents for patients with JIA. Sufficient relevant data were available for only etanercept for all four rheumatic diseases being evaluated; although data for adalimumab were available for all four diseases, the information was primarily for RA with scant information on the other three diseases. Data for infliximab were available for RA, PsA, and AS. Data on the other eight therapeutic agents were essentially limited to one disease: seven for RA and one (golimumab) for AS. Furthermore, not all studies reported the same parameters. Thus, the patchwork of data available poses a challenge when comparing therapeutic agents across diseases and derive definitive conclusions regarding their effects.
Although the overall effects on the lipid profiles were mixed, some patterns were discernible. Six of the therapeutic agents (etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, tocilizumab, and tofacitinib) caused significant increase in TC, with an additional three (abatacept, adalimumab, and secukinumab) indicating no change; significant decrease was only reported in patients with JIA treated with etanercept. Significant increase in HDL-C was reported for eight (abatacept, adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, tocilizumab, and tofacitinib) of the therapeutic agents regardless of disease; only secukinumab did not increase HDL-C and no data were reported for certolizumab pegol or ustekinumab. The results with LDL-C, TG, and atherogenic index were mixed depending on the study/investigators, with about an equal number reporting significant increase or no change; significant decrease was only reported in patients with JIA treated with etanercept. The ApoB:ApoA-1 ratio was significantly decreased only in patients with RA and AS treated with etanercept; there was no effect on patients with RA treated with adalimumab or secukinumab or patients with PsA treated with etanercept. The apparent increase in HR for CVD among patients with RA treated with biologics seemed counterintuitive. Further examination of the publications revealed that these HRs were determined relative to a comparator biologic or nbDMARD and the 95% confidence intervals included 1. Thus, these values do not indicate the real HRs of these drugs versus placebo. Consequently, it cannot be concluded that there was an increase in CV risk when treated with biologics.
Consistently, CRP was significantly decreased across eight of the therapeutic agents (there were no data for certolizumab pegol, secukinumab, or ustekinumab) and diseases. The data for surrogate markers were mixed. When reported, there was significant decrease in CAVI (adalimumab, etanercept, and tocilizumab, but not abatacept) and AIx (adalimumab, etanercept and tocilizumab, but not abatacept, golimumab, or rituximab; there was either no change or increase in response to infliximab treatment). There was generally no significant effect on cIMT or BP.
4.1 Limitations
The main limitation of this review is the variability in reporting of CVD events and CV risk factors in the publications identified. This has resulted in many gaps in data, making it difficult for direct comparison between drugs within the same disease. Furthermore, the same risk factors and CV events were not reported for a given drug across all four rheumatic diseases, making it difficult to evaluate whether or not there was a consistent pattern of response that could be attributed to that drug. In some cases, the only data available were from a published conference abstract or a single study, adding to the difficulty of this analysis. Thus, the conclusions drawn from this analysis need to be interpreted with caution.
5 Conclusions
There were no reports of significant increases in rates of CV outcomes when treated with these drugs. The data analyzed and reported in this paper indicate treatment with bDMARDs or tsDMARDs do not appear to be associated with adverse CV outcomes.
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Acknowledgements
Editorial/medical writing support was provided by Mukund Nori, PhD, MBA, CMPP, of Engage Scientific Solutions and was funded by Pfizer. Sadiq Lula was an employee of Envision Pharma Group at the time the work was done. Carole Jones of Envision Pharma Group was involved with the development of the systematic literature review, which was funded by Pfizer.
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The systematic literature review to support the manuscript and medical writing assistance were sponsored by Pfizer.
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Dr. Michael Nurmohamed has received grants, consulting fees, support for travel to meetings, and speaker bureau fees from AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Menarini, MSD, Mundipharma, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB; fees for participating in review activities from AbbVie; and provision of writing assistance from Pfizer. Dr Ernest Choy has received grants from Novimmune, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB; consulting fees from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, GSK, Hospira, Janssen, MedImmune, Napp, Novimmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, R-Pharm, and Sanofi-Aventis; fees for participating in review activities from AB2 Bio Ltd; speaker bureau fees from Amgen, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, Hospira, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and UCB. Mr Sadiq Lula was an employee of Envision Pharma Group, which was paid by Pfizer to perform the systematic literature review. Drs Blerina Kola, Ryan DeMasi, and Paola Accossato are employees of Pfizer and own stock in the company.
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Sadiq Lula: IMS Health, At the time the work was done.
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Nurmohamed, M., Choy, E., Lula, S. et al. The Impact of Biologics and Tofacitinib on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes in Patients with Rheumatic Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Drug Saf 41, 473–488 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-017-0628-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-017-0628-9