Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R. How common are the “common” neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007;68:326–37.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cagnetti C, Lattanzi S, Foschi N, Provinciali L, Silvestrini M. Seizure course during pregnancy in catamenial epilepsy. Neurology. 2014;83:339–44.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Zaccara G, Giovannelli F, Grillo E, Nardone R, Silvestrini M, et al. Antiepileptic monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy: a network meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139:33–41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Cagnetti C, Foschi N, Provinciali L, Silvestrini M. Lacosamide monotherapy for partial onset seizures. Seizure. 2015;27:71–4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:314–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D, Kwan P. Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs: a 30-year longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:279–86.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laxer KD, Trinka E, Hirsch LJ, Cendes F, Langfitt J, Delanty N, et al. The consequences of refractory epilepsy and its treatment. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;37:59–70.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Devinsky O, Cilio MR, Cross H, Fernandez-Ruiz J, French J, Hill C, et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia. 2014;55:791–802.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cilio MR, Thiele EA, Devinsky O. The case for assessing cannabidiol in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:787–90.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, Zaccara G, Striano P, Del Giovane C, et al. Adjunctive cannabidiol in patients with Dravet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. CNS Drugs. 2020;34:229–41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Cagnetti C, Trinka E, Silvestrini M. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive cannabidiol in patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2018;32:905–16.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Russo E, Striano P, Citraro R, Silvestrini M, et al. Cannabidiol as adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. Drugs Today (Barc). 2019;55:177–96.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
ClinicalTrials.gov. A randomized controlled trial of cannabidiol (GWP42003-P, CBD) for seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex (GWPCARE6). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02544763. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02544763. Accessed Oct 2020.
ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial of cannabidiol (CBD; GWP42003-P) for infantile spasms (GWPCARE7). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02953548. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02953548. Accessed Oct 2020.
ClinicalTrials.gov. Phase 3 trial of cannabidiol (CBD; GWP42003-P) for infantile spasms: open-label extensionpPhase (GWPCARE7). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02954887. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02954887. Accessed Oct 2020.
Saade D, Joshi C. Pure cannabidiol in the treatment of malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy: a case report. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52:544–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Geffrey AL, Pollack SF, Bruno PL, Thiele EA. Drug-drug interaction between clobazam and cannabidiol in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1246–51.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D, Thiele E, Laux L, Sullivan J, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:270–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gofshteyn JS, Wilfong A, Devinsky O, Bluvstein J, Charuta J, Ciliberto MA, et al. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) in the acute and chronic phases. J Child Neurol. 2017;32:35–40.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hess EJ, Moody KA, Geffrey AL, Pollack SF, Skirvin LA, Bruno PL, et al. Cannabidiol as a new treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1617–24.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaplan EH, Offermann EA, Sievers JS, Comi AM. Cannabidiol treatment for refractory seizures in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2017;71(18–23):e2.
Google Scholar
Rosenberg EC, Louik J, Conway E, Devinsky O, Friedman D. Quality of life in childhood epilepsy in pediatric patients enrolled in a prospective, open-label clinical study with cannabidiol. Epilepsia. 2017;58:e96-100.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gaston TE, Bebin EM, Cutter GR, Liu Y, Szaflarski JP. UAB CBD Program. Interactions between cannabidiol and commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2017;58:1586–92.
Warren PP, Bebin EM, Nabors LB, Szaflarski JP. The use of cannabidiol for seizure management in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy. Neurocase. 2017;23:287–91.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grayson L, Vines B, Nichol K, Szaflarski JP. UAB CBD Program. An interaction between warfarin and cannabidiol, a case report. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2017;9:10–1.
Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM, Comi AM, Patel AD, Joshi C, Checketts D, et al. CBD EAP Study Group. Long-term safety and treatment effects of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment-resistant epilepsies: expanded access program results. Epilepsia. 2018;59:1540–8.
Devinsky O, Verducci C, Thiele EA, Laux LC, Patel DA, Filloux F, et al. Open-label use of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex®) in patients with CDKL5 deficiency disorder and Aicardi, Dup15q, and Doose syndromes. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;86:131–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen KA, Farrar M, Cardamone M, Gill D, Smith R, Cowell CT, et al. Cannabidiol for treating drug-resistant epilepsy in children: the New South Wales experience. Med J Aust. 2018;209:217–21.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM, Cutter G, De Wolfe J, Dure LS, Gaston TE, et al. UAB CBD Program. Cannabidiol improves frequency and severity of seizures and reduces adverse events in an open-label add-on prospective study. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;87:131–6.
Sands TT, Rahdari S, Oldham MS, Nunes EC, Tilton N, Cilio MR. Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of cannabidiol in children with refractory epilepsy: results from an expanded access program in the US. CNS Drugs. 2019;33:47–60.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rajaraman RR, Sankar R, Hussain SA. Successful use of pure cannabidiol for the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2018;10:141–4.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gaston TE, Szaflarski M, Hansen B, Bebin EM, Szaflarski JP. UAB CBD Program. Quality of life in adults enrolled in an open-label study of cannabidiol (CBD) for treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;95:10–7.
Leino AD, Emoto C, Fukuda T, Privitera M, Vinks AA, Alloway RR. Evidence of a clinically significant drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and tacrolimus. Am J Transpl. 2019;19:2944–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Szaflarski JP, Hernando K, Bebin EM, Gaston TE, Grayson LE, Ampah SB, et al. Higher cannabidiol plasma levels are associated with better seizure response following treatment with a pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;95:131–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Allendorfer JB, Nenert R, Bebin EM, Gaston TE, Grayson LE, Hernando KA, et al. fMRI study of cannabidiol-induced changes in attention control in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;96:114–21.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martin RC, Gaston TE, Thompson M, Ampah SB, Cutter G, Bebin EM, et al. Cognitive functioning following long-term cannabidiol use in adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;97:105–10.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gaston TE, Bebin EM, Cutter GR, Ampah SB, Liu Y, Grayson LP, et al. UAB CBD Program. Drug–drug interactions with cannabidiol (CBD) appear to have no effect on treatment response in an open-label Expanded Access Program. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;98(Pt A):201–6.
Savage TE, Sourbron J, Bruno PL, Skirvin LA, Wolper ES, Anagnos CJ, et al. Efficacy of cannabidiol in subjects with refractory epilepsy relative to concomitant use of clobazam. Epilepsy Res. 2020;160:106263.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Agricola KD, Tudor C, Krueger D, Franz DN. Cannabidiol elevates mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor levels in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;105:59–61.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poisson K, Wong M, Lee C, Cilio MR. Response to cannabidiol in epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures associated with KCNT1 mutations: an open-label, prospective, interventional study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;25:77–81.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Herlopian A, Hess EJ, Barnett J, Geffrey AL, Pollack SF, Skirvin L, et al. Cannabidiol in treatment of refractory epileptic spasms: an open-label study. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;106:106988.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharma AA, Nenert R, Allendorfer JB, Gaston TE, Grayson LP, Hernando K, et al. A preliminary study of the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on brain structure in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2019;12:100341.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ben-Menachem E, Gunning B, Cabrera CMA, Van Landingham K, Crockett J, Critchley D, et al. A phase II randomized trial to explore the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with stiripentol or valproate when combined with cannabidiol in patients with epilepsy. CNS Drugs. 2020;34:661–72.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnett JR, Grinspoon RA, Harisinghani M, Caruso PA, Thiele EA. The efficacy of cannabidiol on renal angiomyolipoma and subependymal giant cell tumor volume in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;77:85–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gupta S, Schwab M, Valdez-Gonzalez K, Segal E. Rare homozygous nonsense variant in AIMP1 causing early onset epileptic encephalopathy with burst Ssuppression (EOEE-BS). Eur J Med Genet. 2020;63:103970.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McNamara NA, Dang LT, Sturza J, Ziobro JM, Romanowski EMF, Smith GC, et al. Thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients on concurrent cannabidiol and valproic acid. Epilepsia. 2020;61:e85–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Landingham KE, Crockett J, Taylor L, Morrison G. A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate potential drug-drug interactions between cannabidiol and clobazam. J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;60:1304–13.
Google Scholar
ClinicalTrials.gov. An open-label extension study to investigate possible drug-drug interactions between clobazam and cannabidiol. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02564952. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02564952. Accessed Oct 2020.
Nenert R, Allendorfer JB, Bebin EM, Gaston TE, Grayson LE, Houston JT, et al. Cannabidiol normalizes resting-state functional connectivity in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;112:107297.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thompson MD, Martin RC, Grayson LP, Ampah SB, Cutter G, Szaflarski JP, et al. Cognitive function and adaptive skills after a one-year trial of cannabidiol (CBD) in a pediatric sample with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;111:107299.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gaston TE, Allendorfer JB, Nair S, Bebin EM, Grayson LP, Martin RC, et al. UAB CBD Program. Effects of highly purified cannabidiol (CBD) on fMRI of working memory in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;112:107358.
D’Onofrio G, Kuchenbuch M, Hachon-Le Camus C, Desnous B, Staath V, Napuri S, et al. Slow titration of cannabidiol add-on in drug-resistant epilepsies can improve safety with maintained efficacy in an open-label study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:829.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kuchenbuch M, D’Onofrio G, Chemaly N, Barcia G, Teng T, Nabbout R. Add-on cannabidiol significantly decreases seizures in 3 patients with SYNGAP1 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsia Open. 2020;5:496–500.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cortopassi J. Warfarin dose adjustment required after cannabidiol initiation and titration. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77:1846–51.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellon M, Walker C, Peterson C. Seizure-related injuries and hospitalizations: self-report data from the 2010 Australian Epilepsy Longitudinal Survey. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;26:7–10.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cortright DN, Szallasi A. Biochemical pharmacology of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1. Eur J Biochem. 2004;271:1814–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sun F-J, Guo W, Zheng D-H, Zhang C-Q, Li S, Liu S-Y, et al. Increased expression of TRPV1 in the cortex and hippocampus from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci. 2013;49:182–93.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Striano P, Zaccara G, Del Giovane C, Nardone R, et al. Cannabidiol efficacy and clobazam status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2020;61:1090–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lattanzi S, Zaccara G, Russo E, La Neve A, Lodi MAM, Striano P. Practical use of pharmaceutically purified oral cannabidiol in Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2021.1834383 (Epub ahead of print).
Skinner CM, Nookaew I, Ewing LE, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Quick CM, et al. Potential probiotic or trigger of gut inflammation: the Janus-faced nature of cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17:543–60.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
FDA briefing document. Peripheral and central nervous system drugs. Advisory Committee Meeting. April 19, 2018. NDA210365. Cannabidiol. 2018. https://www.fda.gov/media/112565/download. Accessed Dec 2020.
Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, Zaccara G, Cagnetti C, Del Giovane C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2018;78:1791–804.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Epidiolex (cannabidiol) oral solution: highlights of prescribing information. 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/210365lbl.pdf. Accessed Dec 2020.
Busaidy NL, Farooki A, Dowlati A, Perentesis JP, Dancey JE, Doyle LA, Brell JM, Siu LL. Management of metabolic effects associated with anticancer agents targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2919–28.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zaccara G, Giovannelli F, Schmidt D. Placebo and nocebo responses in drug trials of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;43:128–34.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Press CA, Knupp KG, Chapman KE. Parental reporting of response to oral cannabis extracts for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;45:49–52.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jones NA, Glyn SE, Akiyama S, Hill TD, Hill AD, Weston SE, et al. Cannabidiol exerts anti-convulsant effects in animal models of temporal lobe and partial seizures. Seizure. 2012;21:344–52.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Consroe P, Wolkin A. Cannabidiol-antiepileptic drug comparisons and interactions in experimentally induced seizures in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1977;201:26–32.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly M, French J, Guilhoto L, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;4:512–21.
Google Scholar
Logviss K, Krievins D, Purvina S. Characteristics of clinical trials in rare vs. common diseases: a register-based Latvian study. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0194494.
Margolis A, Giuliano C. Making the switch: from case studies to N-of-1 trials. Epilepsy Behav Rep. 2019;12:100336.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ong KS, Carlin JB, Fahey M, Freeman JL, Scheffer IE, Gillam L, et al. Protocol for a single patient therapy plan: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled N-of-1 trial to assess the efficacy of cannabidiol in patients with intractable epilepsy. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15078 (Epub ahead of print).