Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. London: Lancet Publishing Group; 2020.
Book
Google Scholar
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–13.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) R&D. 2020. https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus/en/. Accessed 21 Apr 2020.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
Article
Google Scholar
Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135.
Article
Google Scholar
Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther. 2020;14(1):58–60.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, Zhang Q, Shi X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Wang X. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020;30(3):1–9.
Google Scholar
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression, vol. 395. London: Lancet Publishing Group; 2020. p. 1033–1034.
Google Scholar
Duchateau J, Delespesse G, Bolla K. Phase variation in the modulation of the human immune response. Immunol Today. 1983;4(8):213–4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Duchateau J, Servais G, Vreyens R, Delespesse G, Bolla K. Modulation of immune response in aged humans through different administration modes of thymopentin. Survey Immunol Res. 1985;4(1 Supplement):94–101.
Google Scholar
Gao Z-C, Zhu J-H, Sun Y, Ding X, Ma J-S, Cui Y-X, Du X-K, Gao T, He Q-Y. Clinical investigation of outbreak of nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2003;15(6):332–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kumar V, Jung Y-S, Liang P-H. Anti-SARS coronavirus agents: a patent review (2008–present). Expert Opin Ther Patents. 2013;23(10):1337–488.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Han S, Yan D, Zhuang R, Hu B, Zhang Z. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. Science. 2020;7:20040758.
Google Scholar
Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A, Feldt T, Green G, Green ML, Lescure F-X, Nicastri E, Oda R, Yo K, Quiros-Roldan E, Studemeister A, Redinski J, Ahmed S, Bernett J, Chelliah D, Chen D, Chihara S, Cohen SH, Cunningham J, D’Arminio Monforte A, Ismail S, Kato H, Lapadula G, L’Her E, Maeno T, Majumder S, Massari M, Mora-Rillo M, Mutoh Y, Nguyen D, Verweij E, Zoufaly A, Osinusi AO, DeZure A, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Chokkalingam A, Elboudwarej E, Telep L, Timbs L, Henne I, Sellers S, Cao H, Tan SK, Winterbourne L, Desai P, Mera R, Gaggar A, Myers RP, Brainard DM, Childs R, Flanigan T. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mercuro NJ, Yen CF, Shim DJ, Maher TR, McCoy CM, Zimetbaum PJ, Gold HS. Risk of QT interval prolongation associated with use of hydroxychloroquine with or without concomitant azithromycin among hospitalized patients testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;1:5.
Google Scholar
Turner RB, Felton A, Kosak K, Kelsey DK, Meschievitz CK. Prevention of experimental coronavirus colds with intranasal (l-2b interferon). J Infect Dis. 1986;154(3):443–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Morgenstern B, Michaelis M, Baer PC, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Ribavirin and interferon-β synergistically inhibit SARS-associated coronavirus replication in animal and human cell lines. Biochem Biophysi Res Commun. 2005;326(4):905–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Loutfy MR, Blatt LM, Siminovitch KA, Ward S, Wolff B, Lho H, Pham DH, Deif H, LaMere EA, Chang M, Kain KC, Farcas GA, Ferguson P, Latchford M, Levy G, Dennis JW, Lai EK, Fish EN. Interferon Alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a preliminary study. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290(24):3222–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Springer Nat. 2020;30:269–71.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim UJ, Won EJ, Kee SJ, Jung SI, Jang HC. Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-a for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Antiviral Therapy. 2016;21(5):455–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, Kao RY, Poon LL, Wong CL, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Yuen KY. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59(3):252–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, Li X, Xia J, Chen N, Xiang J, Yu T, Bai T, Xie X, Zhang L, Li C, Yuan Y, Chen H, Li H, Huang H, Tu S, Gong F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Zhou F, Gu X, Xu J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang L, Wang K, Li K, Zhou X, Dong X, Qu Z, Lu S, Hu X, Ruan S, Luo S, Wu J, Peng L, Cheng F, Pan L, Zou J, Jia C, Wang J, Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Ge Q, He J, Zhan H, Qiu F, Guo L, Huang C, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Zhang D, Wang C. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;18:3.
Google Scholar
Pei J, Sekellick MJ, Marcus PI, Choi IS, Collisson EW. Chicken interferon type I inhibits infectious bronchitis virus replication and associated respiratory illness. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2001;21(12):1071–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Million M, Lagier J-C, Gautret P, Colson P, Fournier P-E, Amrane S, Hocquart M, Mailhe M, Esteves-Vieira V, Doudier B, Aubry C, Correard F, Giraud-Gatineau A, Roussel Y, Berenger C, Cassir N, Seng P, Zandotti C, Dhiver C, Ravaux I, Tomei C, Eldin C, Tissot-Dupont H, Honoré S, Stein A, Jacquier A, Deharo J-C, Chabrière E, Levasseur A, Fenollar F, Rolain J-M, Obadia Y, Brouqui P, Drancourt M, La Scola B, Parola P, Raoult D. Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, Fu S, Gao L, Cheng Z, Lu Q, Hu Y, Luo G, Wang K, Lu Y, Li H, Wang S, Ruan S, Yang C, Mei C, Wang Y, Ding D, Wu F, Tang X, Ye X, Ye Y, Liu B, Yang J, Yin W, Wang A, Fan G, Zhou F, Liu Z, Gu X, Xu J, Shang L, Zhang Y, Cao L, Guo T, Wan Y, Qin H, Jiang Y, Jaki T, Hayden FG, Horby PW, Cao B, Wang C. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2020;395(10236):1569–78.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang Z, Yang B, Li Q, Wen L, Zhang R. Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Diseases. 2020.
Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang Y, Chen B, Lu M, Luo Y, Zhang J, Yin P, Wang X. Favipiravir versus arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. 2020; 20037432.
Mustafa S, Balkhy H, Gabere MN. Current treatment options and the role of peptides as potential therapeutic components for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS): a review, vol. 11. New York: Elsevier Ltd; 2018. p. 9–17.
Google Scholar
Arabi Y, Balkhy H, Hajeer AH, Bouchama A, Hayden FG, Al-Omari A, Al-Hameed FM, Taha Y, Shindo N, Whitehead J, Merson L, AlJohani S, Al-Khairy K, Carson G, Luke TC, Hensley L, Al-Dawood A, Al-Qahtani S, Modjarrad K, Sadat M, Rohde G, Leport C, Fowler R. Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol. SpringerPlus. 2015;4(1):1–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, Wong WS, Lee CK, Ng MH, Chan P, Wong KC, Leung CB, Cheng G. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Diseases. 2005;24(1):44–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2045–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury, vol. 395. London: Lancet Publishing Group; 2020. p. 473–475.
Google Scholar
Soo YO, Cheng Y, Wong R, Hui DS, Lee CK, Tsang KK, Ng MH, Chan P, Cheng G, Sung JJ. Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10(7):676–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: a systematic review, vol. 92. New York: Wiley; 2020. p. 479–490.
Google Scholar
Lew TW, Kwek TK, Tai D, Earnest A, Loo S, Singh K, Kwan KM, Chan Y, Yim CF, Bek SL, Kor AC, Yap WS, Chelliah YR, Lai YC, Goh SK. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290(3):374–80.
Article
Google Scholar
Dalakas MC, Clark WM. Strokes, thromboembolic events, and IVIg: rare incidents blemish an excellent safety record, vol. 60. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2003. p. 1736–1737.
Google Scholar
Badawi A, Ryoo SG. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis, vol. 49. New York: Elsevier; 2016. p. 129–133.
Google Scholar
Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, Ten Eyck PP, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Sex-based differences in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. J Immunol. 2017;198(10):4046–53.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity, vol. 56. Totowa: Humana Press Inc.; 2019. p. 308–321.
Google Scholar
Dryden M, Baguneid M, Eckmann C, Corman S, Stephens J, Solem C, Li J, Charbonneau C, Baillon-Plot N, Haider S. Pathophysiology and burden of infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease: focus on skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:S27–S32.
Article
Google Scholar
Marriott I, Huet-Hudson YM. Sexual dimorphism in innate immune responses to infectious organisms, vol. 34. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 177–192.
Google Scholar
Karlberg J, Chong DSY, Lai WYY. Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do? Am J Epidemiol Hopkins Bloomberg School Public Health All Rights Reserved. 2004;159(3):229–31.
CAS
Google Scholar
Leong H-N, Earnest A, Lim H-H, Chin C-F, Tan CS, Puhaindran ME, Tan AC, Chen MI, Leo Y-S. SARS in Singapore–predictors of Disease Severity. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2006;35(5):326–31.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alghamdi I, Hussain I, Alghamdi M, Almalki S, Alghamdi M, Elsheemy M. The pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive epidemiological analysis of data from the Saudi Ministry of Health. Int J General Med. 2014;7:417.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen F, Chan KH, Jiang Y, Kao RY, Lu HT, Fan KW, Cheng VC, Tsui WH, Hung IF, Lee TS, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Yuen KY. In vitro susceptibility of ten clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds. J Clin Virol. 2004;31(1):69–75.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar