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Fractal Characteristics of the Seismic Swarm Succeeding the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal

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Abstract

This study discusses the regional distribution of the b-value, box counting fractal dimension (D0) and correlation fractal dimension (D2) of the 2017–2019 seismic swarm. The location of swarm was about 30 km north of the epicenter of 2015 Gorkha earthquakes in high topography of the Manaslu-Himalchuli range. The b-values are estimated from the maximum likelihood approach, while fractal dimensions are estimated from the generalized fractal dimension approach. The b-value estimated was 1.82 ± 0.02 for the swarm sequence, while its maximum value was 2.97 ± 0.14 and minimum value was 1.81 ± 0.07 for different temporal windows. D0 values range from 0.55 ± 0.02 to 1.68 ± 0.08 for different temporal windows and correlation fractal dimension ranges from 0.27 ± 0.07 to 0.78 ± 0.02 for the same windows. Positive correlation between fractal dimensions D0 and D2 and a negative correlation between fractal dimensions and b-value were observed from the study. The seismic moment released during the 2017–2019 swarm was around \(2.0\times {10}^{17}\) Nm. The large b-value (1.82) obtained for the whole sequence signifies the typical characteristic of swarm earthquakes. The variation in b and fractal dimensions can be related to the highly heterogeneous environment caused by the thermal cracking of the weak zone. Furthermore, reduced value of effective stress might have caused the failure of isolated and small asperities and consequently the earthquakes occurred in clusters. The occurrence of swarms may be associated with the formation of new fractures in the region.

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Acknowledgements

One of the authors (RKT) would like to express acknowledgements to Tribhuvan University of Nepal for providing the sabbatical leave and to the University Grants Commission, Nepal, for providing the financial support under the PhD grant S&T -14- 075/76. The authors would also like to thank the reviewers for their suggestions and comments to improve the quality of this manuscript.

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  1. Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Ram Krishna Tiwari

  2. Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal

    Ram Krishna Tiwari & Harihar Paudyal

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Tiwari, R.K., Paudyal, H. Fractal Characteristics of the Seismic Swarm Succeeding the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal. Indian Geotech J 53, 789–804 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-022-00704-1

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