Abstract
In this work, we applied a new method for solving the linear weakly singular mixed Volterra–Fredholm integral equations. We now begin the theoretical study with acquirement of the variational form; in addition, we are using Bernstein spectral Galerkin method to be approximate to my problems. We estimate the error of the method by proved some theorems. Moreover, in the final section, we solved some numerical examples.
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Introduction
One of the best subjects in the numerical analysis is a finite-element method (FEM). We used (FEM) to solve problems in mathematical physics, integral equations, and engineering, such as electromagnetic potential, fluid flow, radiation heats transfer, laminar boundary-layer theory and mass transport, Abel integral equations, and problem of mechanics or physics [3,4,5, 7, 18, 20]. For approximating of singular or weakly singular integral equations, there are several numerical method’s existences. For example, Baratella and Orsi [8] were introduced weakly singular for Volterra, and discussed on operational matrix method with block-pulse functions by Babolian and Salimi [6]. Furthermore, some author works to be approximate to Abel integral equations, for example, Garza in [12] and Hall in [13] used the wavelet method, Legendre wavelets approximation by Yousefi in [19], Gauss–Jacobi quadrature rule by Fettis in [10], and Piessens and Verbaeten in [16, 17] with Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind.
In this paper, we use (FEM) and Bernstein polynomials to acquire an approximate solution for linear weakly singular mixed Volterra–Fredholm integral equation as follows:
that f(x), \(W_{1}(x,t)\), and \(W_{2} (x,t)\) are known continuous functions, and u(x) is the unknown function.
Bernstein polynomials and their properties
On the interval [a, b], the \(m+1\) Bernstein basis polynomials (BPs) of degree m are defined as [1]
In addition, for \(i< 0\) or \(i>m\), we have
The ten first Bernstein basis polynomials are
Therefore, we can be plotted this ten first Bernstein basis polynomials on the unit square as follows (Fig. 1):
Implementation of the Bernstein–Galerkin method
In this section with using of Galerkin method, we find an approximate solution for Eq. (1). For this purpose, we obtain weak and variational form.
If \(\Omega =[a,b] \subset {\mathbb{R}}\) is an infinite dimensional space, and
We let \(B:{ \mathbb{V}}\times { \mathbb{V}} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a bilinear form and \({L}:{ \mathbb{V}} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a linear functional; then for all arbitrary functions \(v(x) \in {\mathbb{V}}\), we have \({B}(u,v) = {L}(v)\), where
and
thus
then, B is a bilinear form:
We consider
that \({V}_h = span \lbrace \phi _1,\phi _2,\ldots ,\phi _n\rbrace\) is a subspace of \({\mathbb{V}}\), and \(\{\phi _i\}_{i=1}^{n}\) are a set of Bernstein polynomial functions of degree at most m in each subinterval. Hence, by substituting (4) in variational formulation, we have
Now, for \(i,j=1,2,\ldots ,n,\) we define
and
thus
From system (8), we have
that
By solving of the system (9), we can obtain approximate solution of Eq. (1).
Error analysis
In this section, using the theorem, we get an upper bound for the error of our method, and we proved that the order of convergence is a \(O(h^{\zeta })\). For this purpose, suppose that \(\mathbb{V}\) and B are a Hilbert space and symmetric, respectively.
Definition 1
If B is a \({\mathbb{V}}\)-elliptic bilinear form, then an inner product energy is a \(( . , . ) : {\mathbb{V}} \times {\mathbb{V}} \rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}\) and the energy norm as
Definition 2
For operator \(\Pi : {\mathbb{V}} \rightarrow {\mathbb{V}}_h\), projection operators as
Theorem 1
Let \(\alpha >0\), then bilinear form B, defined by (3) is a \({\mathbb{V}}\)-ellipticity and Eq. (1) has a unique solution, and order of convergence is a \(O(h^{\zeta })\).
Proof
From Eq. (3), we have
with using of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality and \(L_2\)-norm, we have
where
then B is a continuous. Furthermore, we proved V-ellipticity of B; for this purpose, we have
then
where
thus B is a V-ellipticity; therefore, using of Lax–Milgram theorem and V-ellipticity of B, Eq. (1) has a unique solution. Suppose \(u_h\) is an approximate solution, so we have
and
If \(e=u-u_h\) that u are an exact solution of Eq. (1), then
By Schwartz’s inequality, and relation between energy norm and inner product, we have
Using (15), we have
Therefore, e is an orthogonal for any \(v_h\). Using
and Cea’s Lemma [9], for each particular \(\tilde{v}_h\) in \({V}_h\), we have
where
Since
if \(\tilde{v}_h\) is equal to \(\tilde{u}_h\), then
If we get an upper bounded for the interpolation error, we have
that c is not dependent of h; therefore
Thus, \(h\rightarrow 0\), and the order of convergence is a \(O(h^{\zeta })\), \(\square\)
Numerical examples
Example 1
Consider the linear weakly singular Volterra–Fredholm integral equation:
that
and the exact solution is a \(u(x) = x^{2} (1-x)\).
With using Bernstein basis polynomials of degree 2, and \(M=5\), the results of obtained are presented in Table 1 and Fig. 2.
Diagrams of exact and numerical solutions and graph of error for Example 1
Example 2
In this example, we consider
that
In addition, the exact solution is \(u(x) = x\).
With using of Bernstein basis polynomials of degree 2, and \(M=5\), the results of obtained are presented in Table 2 and Fig. 3.
Diagrams of exact and numerical solutions and graph of error for Example 2
Example 3
Consider the equation:
that
and the exact solution is \(u(x)=\exp (x).\)
With using of Bernstein basis polynomials of degree 2, and \(M=5\), the results of obtained are presented in Table 3 and Fig. 4.
Diagrams of exact and numerical solutions and graph of error for Example 3
Conclusions
In this paper, we used of Galerkin method and Bernstein polynomials to solving one of the most important linear weakly singular Volterra–Fredholm integral equation, with using of Bernstein basis polynomials. We now begin the theoretical study with acquire of the variational form of Eq. (1), and with using of the system (9), we can obtain approximate solution. In section error analysis, we proved that B is a \(\mathbb{V}\)-ellipticity and Eq. (1) has a unique solution, and order of convergence is a \(O(h^{\zeta })\). In section Numerical Examples, we have solved three problems considered, the results obtained are presented in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figs. 2, 3, and 4, the comparison of results confirms the better accuracy with this method.
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Erfanian, M., Zeidabadi, H. Using of Bernstein spectral Galerkin method for solving of weakly singular Volterra–Fredholm integral equations. Math Sci 12, 103–109 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40096-018-0249-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40096-018-0249-1