Abstract
The borohydride reduced electroless coatings are widely used for their excellent tribological, physical and mechanical behaviours. The coating behaviours are dependent on its compositions. The addition of hard particles into Ni–B matrix may alter the coating composition and ultimately lead to modification in coating behaviours. Hence, electroless Ni–B–W coatings were developed on AISI 1040 steel substrate to understand the significance of tungsten concentration in tribo-mechanical behaviour of the W reinforced ternary coatings. The surface roughness of the coating was seen to increase significantly with sodium borohydride concentration though the surface roughness is lower (0.185) at lower concentrations of sodium borohydride relative to substrate (0.285). But the roughness values did not vary much with nickel chloride concentration as well as sodium tungstate. The SEM results of as-coated specimens reveal the cauliflower-like surface morphology which is useful for the reduction in friction and wear of the coatings. The elemental analysis results obtained from EDAX show an increase in tungsten concentration from 2.8 to 4.2% with the increase in bath level concentration leading to increase in surface hardness obtained from nano-indentation technique and the scratch hardness obtained from micro-scratch tests. The nano-hardness and scratch hardness were also observed to improve with nickel chloride, sodium borohydride concentration in the coating bath solution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Bülbül, H. Altun, V. Ezirmik, Ö. Küçük, Investigation of structural, tribological and corrosion properties of electroless Ni–B coating deposited on 316L stainless steel. Proc. Instl. Mech. Eng. Part J: J. Eng. Tribol. 227(6), 629–639 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650112464928
Y. Wan, Y. Yu, L. Cao, M. Zhang, J. Gao, C. Qi, Corrosion and tribological performance of PTFE-coated electroless nickel boron coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 307, 316–323 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.09.001
M. Barman, T.K. Barman, P. Sahoo, Effect of borohydride concentration on tribological and mechanical behavior of electroless Ni–B coatings. Mater. Res. Exp. 6(12), 126575 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab58b7
S. Sürdem, C. Eseroǧlu, R. Çitak, A parametric study on the relationship between NaBH4 and tribological properties in the nickel–boron electroless depositions. Mater. Res. Express 6(12), 125085 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5beb
P. Sahoo, S.K. Das, Tribology of electroless nickel coatings: a review. Mater. Des. 32(4), 1760–1775 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.013
L. Bonin, V. Vitry, F. Delaunois, The tin stabilization effect on the microstructure, corrosion and wear resistance of electroless Ni–B coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 357, 353–363 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.10.011
D. Mohanty, T.K. Barman, P. Sahoo, Characterisation and corrosion study of electroless nickel–boron coating reinforced with alumina nanoparticles. Mater. Today: Proc. 19, 317–321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.216
Z. Sukackienė, K. Antanavičiūtė, J. Vaičiūnienė, L. Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė, A. Naujokaitis, E. Norkus, Electroless deposition of nickel boron coatings using morpholine borane as a reducing agent. Chemija (2020). https://doi.org/10.6001/chemija.v31i1.4167
S. Pal, N. Verma, V. Jayaram, S.K. Biswas, Y. Riddle, Characterization of phase transformation behaviour and microstructural development of electroless Ni–B coating. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528(28), 8269–8276 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.07.060
J. Taha-Tijerina, K. Aviña-Camarena, R. Torres-Sánchez, C. Dominguez-Ríos, D. Maldonado-Cortes, Tribological evaluation of electroless Ni–B coating on metal-working tool steel. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 103(5–8), 1959–1964 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03684-4
L. Bonin, C.C. Castro, V. Vitry, A.L. Hantson, F. Delaunois, Optimization of electroless Ni–B deposition without stabilizer, based on surface roughness and plating rate. J. Alloy. Compd. 767(October), 276–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.330
L. Bonin, V. Vitry, F. Delaunois, Replacement of lead stabilizer in electroless nickel–boron baths: synthesis and characterization of coatings from bismuth stabilized bath. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 23(April), e00130 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00130
Z.A. Hamid, H.B. Hassan, A.M. Attyia, Influence of deposition temperature and heat treatment on the performance of electroless Ni–B films. Surf. Coat. Technol. 205(7), 2348–2354 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.09.025
P.G. Venkatakrishnan, V. Karthik, Structural, morphological and mechanical properties of electroless Ni–B based alloy coatings. Mater. Today: Proc. 27, 2360–2363 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.129
Y.N. Bekish, S.K. Poznyak, L.S. Tsybulskaya, T.V. Gaevskaya, Electrodeposited Ni–B alloy coatings: structure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Electrochim. Acta 55(7), 2223–2231 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.11.069
S. Pal, R. Sarkar, V. Jayaram, Characterization of thermal stability and high-temperature tribological behavior of electroless Ni–B coating. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 49(8), 3217–3236 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4599-y
V. Vitry, A. Sens, A.F. Kanta, F. Delaunois, Experimental study on the formation and growth of electroless nickel–boron coatings from borohydride-reduced bath on mild steel. Appl. Surf. Sci. 263(December), 640–647 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.09.126
R.A. Yildiz, K. Genel, T. Gulmez, Effect of heat treatments for electroless deposited Ni–B and Ni–W–B coatings on 7075 Al alloy. Int. J. Mater. Mech. Manuf. 5(2), 83–86 (2017). https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmmm.2017.5.2.295
K.N. Srinivasan, R. Meenakshi, A. Santhi, P.R. Thangavelu, S. John, Studies on development of electroless Ni–B Bath for corrosion resistance and wear resistance applications. Surf. Eng. 26(3), 153–158 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1179/174329409X409468
S.J. Leon, J.W. Jappes, M.E. Sahayaraj, Comparison of electroless Ni–P/Ni–B on corrosion performance. Int. J. Eng. Technol. 7(1.9), 88–92 (2018)
P.J. Wei, W.L. Liang, C.F. Ai, J.F. Lin, A new method for determining the strain energy release rate of an interface via force-depth data of nanoindentation tests. Nanotechnology 20(2), 025701 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/2/025701
T. Wen, J. Gong, Z. Peng, D. Jiang, C. Wang, Z. Fu, H. Miao, Analysis of continuous stiffness data measured during nanoindentation of titanium films on glass substrate. Mater. Chem. Phys. 125(3), 500–504 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.10.026
C. Domínguez-Ríos, A. Hurtado-Macias, R. Torres-Sánchez, M.A. Ramos, J. González-Hernández, Measurement of Mechanical properties of an electroless Ni–B coating using nanoindentation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51(22), 7762–7768 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie201760g
V. Vitry, F.A. Kanta, F. Delaunois, Mechanical and wear characterization of electroless nickel–boron coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 206(7), 1879–1885 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.08.008
I.G. Serin, A. Göksenli, B. Yüksel, R.A. Yildiz, Effect of annealing temperature on the corrosion resistance of electroless Ni–B–Mo coatings. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 24(8), 3032–3037 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1568-0
I.G. Serin, A. Göksenli, Effect of annealing temperature on hardness and wear resistance of electroless Ni–B–Mo coatings. Surface Rev. Lett. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X15500584
M.G. Hosseini, S. Ahmadiyeh, A. Rasooli, S. Khameneh-asl, Pulse plating of Ni–W–B coating and study of its corrosion and wear resistance. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50(11), 5510–5524 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05444-1
V. Nemane, S. Chatterjee, Scratch and sliding wear testing of electroless Ni–B–W coating. J. Tribol. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4045165
A.I. Aydeniz, A. Göksenli, G. Dil, F. Muhaffel, C. Calli, B. Yüksel, Electroless Ni–B–W coatings for improving hardness, wear and corrosion resistance. Mater. Tehnol. 47(6), 803–806 (2013)
R.A. Yildiz, A. Göksenli, B. Yüksel, F. Muhaffel, A. Aydeniz, Effect of annealing temperature on the corrosion resistance of electroless produced Ni–B–W coatings. Adv.Mater. Res. 651, 263–268 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.651.263
A. Bahgat Radwan, R.A. Shakoor, A. Popelka, Improvement in properties of Ni–B coatings by the addition of mixed oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 10(9), 7548–7562 (2015)
M. Barman, T.K. Barman, P. Sahoo, Effect of heat-treatment temperature and borohydride concentration on corrosion behaviour of ENB coating. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/095440622211176
J.N. Balaraju, A. Priyadarshi, V. Kumar, N.T. Manikandanath, P. Praveen Kumar, B. Ravisankar, Hardness and wear behaviour of electroless Ni–B coatings. Mater. Sci. Technol. (U.K.) 32(16), 1654–1665 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2015.1137683
V. Vitry, L. Bonin, Increase of boron content in electroless nickel-boron coating by modification of plating conditions. Surf. Coat. Technol. 311(February), 164–171 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.009
A. Mukhopadhyay, T.K. Barman, P. Sahoo, Tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of electroless Ni–B–W coatings. J. Mol. Eng. Mater. 05(03), 1750010 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251237317500101
V. Vitry, A.F. Kanta, F. Delaunois, Initiation and formation of electroless nickel–boron coatings on mild steel: effect of substrate roughness. Mater. Sci. Eng. B: Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 175(3), 266–273 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2010.08.003
A. Mukhopadhyay, T.K. Barman, P. Sahoo, J.P. Davim, Comparative study of tribological behavior of electroless Ni–B, Ni–B–Mo, and Ni–B–W coatings at room and high temperatures. Lubricants 6(3), 67 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6030067
E. Correa, A.A. Zuleta, L. Guerra, M.A. Gómez, J.G. Castaño, F. Echeverría, H. Liu, P. Skeldon, G.E. Thompson, Tribological behavior of electroless Ni–B coatings on magnesium and AZ91D alloy. Wear 305(1–2), 115–123 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.06.004
R. Agrawal, A. Mukhopadhyay, Development of Ni–B electroless coating from stabilizer free bath and characterization of high temperature tribological behaviour, scratch and corrosion resistance. Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop. 10(4), 045028 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/aca784
F. Madah, C. Dehghanian, A.A. Amadeh, Investigations on the wear mechanisms of electroless Ni–B coating during dry sliding and endurance life of the worn surfaces. Surf. Coat. Technol. 282(November), 6–15 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.09.003
M. Lekka, R. Offoiach, A. Lanzutti, M.Z. Mughal, M. Sebastiani, E. Bemporad, L. Fedrizzi, Ni-B electrodeposits with low B content: effect of DMAB concentration on the internal stresses and the electrochemical behaviour. Surf. Coat. Technol. 344(June), 190–196 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.03.018
L. Bonin, V. Vitry, Mechanical and wear characterization of electroless nickel mono and bilayers and high boron-mid phosphorus electroless nickel duplex coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 307(December), 957–962 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.021
V. Nemane, V. Sharma, S. Chatterjee, Tribological electroless ternary Ni–B–W coatings: a suitable alternative to hard chromium coatings. J. Tribol. 144(12), 121401 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055409
S. Arias, J.G. Castaño, E. Correa, F. Echeverría, M. Gómez, Effect of heat-treatment on tribological properties of Ni–B coatings on low carbon steel: wear maps and wear mechanisms. J. Tribol. 141(9), 091601 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4043906
Funding
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author’s declared that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Barman, M., Barman, T.K. & Sahoo, P. Tribo-Mechanical Characterisation of Borohydride Reduced Ni–B–W Coatings. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D 105, 227–247 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-023-00471-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-023-00471-0