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Golden Yellow-XGL dye removal utilizing green hybrid materials: (rice husk–zinc oxide–polythiophene/polyaniline/polypyrrole): batch study

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Abstract

The major source of water pollution is industrial wastewater containing dyes. In the current study, the adsorptive removal of Golden Yellow-XGL dye using green hybrid materials was optimized in the batch approach. The characterization study through SEM, TGA–DSC and XRD showed good porosity, enhanced thermal stability and successful formation of materials while FTIR study confirmed efficient adsorption of dye. The highest adsorption potential for RH (36.9 mg/g), RH–ZnO–PTh (48.9 mg/g), RH–ZnO–PANI (57.8 mg/g) and RH–ZnO–PPy (64.9 mg/g) was obtained at optimized conditions. The adsorption data showed better fitness to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir sorption isotherm. Thermodynamic study showed exothermic nature of sorption. The mechanism of adsorption was proposed. Desorption and recycling study showed successful reusability of the material up to five cycles. All the results obtained proved these materials to be more efficient, cost effective, ecofriendly, stable and good alternative for dye removal.

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Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. The raw data retrieved supporting the results of the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

RH:

Rice husk

PANI:

Polyaniline

PPy:

Polypyrrole

PTh:

Polythiophene

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

APS:

Ammonium persulfate

RH–ZnO–PANI:

Rice husk–zinc oxide–polyaniline

RH–ZnO–PPy:

Rice husk–zinc oxide–polypyrrole

RH–ZnO–PTh:

Rice husk–zinc oxide–polythiophene

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

PZC:

Point of zero charge

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to take this opportunity to express their most profound appreciation to the all participants—the specialist and experts from Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan—Ruba Munir, Muhammad Zahid, Raziya Nadeem for Conceptualization, writing—review and editing and methodology; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan—Tayyaba Samreen for visualization and writing—review and editing, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan—Saadiya Zia for investigation. Dr. Saima Noreen (corresponding author) is thankful to Higher Education Commission (Indigenous PhD Fellowship for 5000 Scholars HEC Phase-II) for partial purchase of chemicals and equipment being used in this study and the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, for facilities to conduct this research. The valuable support from Lahore University of Management Sciences Lahore (LUMS) and Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) for characterization of the hybrid materials is highly acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    T. Aliyam, S. Noreen & H. N. Bhatti

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    M. Asghar

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Conceptualization, writing—original draft and methodology was performed by TA; formal analysis was contributed by HNB and MA; supervision and conception were contributed by SN. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

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Correspondence to S. Noreen.

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Aliyam, T., Noreen, S., Bhatti, H.N. et al. Golden Yellow-XGL dye removal utilizing green hybrid materials: (rice husk–zinc oxide–polythiophene/polyaniline/polypyrrole): batch study. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 3973–3998 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05258-0

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